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Y1 - MCD > Immunology 7-9 > Flashcards

Immunology 7-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are naive T cells?

A

Recirculating lymphocytes that have not yet encountered their specific antigen.

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2
Q

When is T cell-mediated immunity required?

A

When antibodies are not sufficient to clear the infection.

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3
Q

Why is T-cell mediated immunity sometimes needed?

A
  • Pathogens can be intracellular and hide within cells (HIV, TB and malaria)
  • Can evolve to escape antibody recognition by changing shape, coating antigens in carbohydrates or producing decoy antigens.
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4
Q

Where is an intracellular pathogen processed?

A

Cytosol

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5
Q

Where is an extracellular pathogen processed?

A

Endosomes

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6
Q

What do CD8 cells do?

A

Destroy target cells by recognising MHC I. Recognition results in polarisation of cytotoxic vesicles in the cell, inducing apoptosis.

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7
Q

What do cytotoxic granules often have in them?

A

Granulysin, granzymes and perforin.

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8
Q

What can T helper cells do?

A

A.k.a CD4+ cells

  • Macrophage activation (increases CD40 and TNF-alpha secretion, synergising with interferon)
  • Delayed type 1 hypersensitivity
  • B cell activation
  • Regulation
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9
Q

What do Th1 cells do?

A

Produce interferon-gamma, IL-12 and TNF-alpha. Pro-inflammatory and boosts intracellular immune responses.

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10
Q

What do Th2 cells do?

A

Produces IL-4, 5 and 13. Pro-allergenic and boosts anti-multicellular organism response).

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11
Q

What do Th17 cells do?

A

Secrete IL-17, 23 and 6. Prevents bacterial growth. Pro-inflammatory.

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12
Q

What do Tfh cells do?

A

Follicular T helper cell. Produces IL-21. Essential for isotype switched antibodies.

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13
Q

What do Treg cells do?

A

Regulate activation of T cells (natural or induced). Anti-inflammatory. Produces IL-10 and TNF-alpha.

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14
Q

How do memory cells differ from T cells?

A
  • Proliferate faster
  • Less strict activation
  • Express different chemokine receptors
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15
Q

What does TNF stand for?

A

Tumour necrosis factor

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16
Q

What causes autoimmune diseases?

A

Susceptible genes and environmental triggers - a fundamental imbalance between immune activation and control.

17
Q

How are immune responses controlled?

A
  • Response declines as pathogen is eliminated due to apoptosis of lymphocytes once they have fulfilled their role and lost their survival signal.
  • Active control functions limit response to persistent pathogens to prevent excessive tissue damage.
18
Q

What is immunological tolerance?

A

Specific unresponsiveness to persistent antigens that is induced by exposure of lymphocytes to that antigen.

19
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

Destroying self-reactive B or T cells before they enter the circulation.

20
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Destroying or controlling self-reactive B or T cells once they have entered the circulation.

21
Q

What is meant boy nTreg?

A

Natural regulatory T cells that reside in peripheral tissues to prevent harmful reactions against “self” from occurring.

22
Q

What is meant by iTreg?

A

Inducible regulatory T cells that develop from mature CD4+ cells once exposed to a foreign antigen in the periphery.

23
Q

When are iTreg cells generated?

A

In all immune responses to limit tissue damage.

24
Q

What is IL-10?

A

Known as the master regulator - anti-inflammatory cytokine. Acts on a range of cells, blocking pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. Downregulates macrophages.

25
Q

What do type I and III interferons do?

A
  • Activate NK cells
  • Upregulate MHC
  • Activate RNase
  • Induce anti-viral state
26
Q

What do type II interferons do?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines.

27
Q

How do influenza and RSV differ?

A
  • No vaccine for RSV
  • Reinfection with RSV enhances infection (vaccine enhanced disease)
  • Can be reinfected with same strain of RSV but not influenza
  • Vaccine for influenza constantly needs updating due to different strains evolving

Y1 - MCD (38 decks)

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