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Y1 - MCD > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is Brownian motion?

A

Temperature dependent movement where molecules move spontaneously and do not require energy.

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2
Q

What are the six main functions of blood?

A

1) Transport
2) Haemostasis
3) Homeostasis
4) Heat distribution
5) Immunity
6) Connective tissue

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3
Q

Normal blood volume?

A

5L

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4
Q

What is present in erythrocytes? (2)

A

Haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase

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5
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate.

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6
Q

What are immature erythrocytes called and how do they differ?

A

Reticulocytes and they have function ribosomes present.

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7
Q

In what cases are reticulocytes normally seen?

A

Anaemic and chemotherapy patients

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8
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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9
Q

What are the precursors to an erythrocyte?

A

Precursor that initially produces haemoglobin that then loses their organelles.

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10
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

Four polypeptide chains with four heme groups (where the oxygen binds)

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11
Q

What is the oxidised form of haemoglobin and how does it differ in function?

A

Methaemoglobin and it cannot transport oxygen

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12
Q

How does binding of oxygen affect haemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen?

A

Binding of oxygen causes conformational changes making it easier for further oxygen molecules to bind, increasing affinity. Known as cooperative binding.

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13
Q

What is the haematocrit?

A

Packed cell volume or portion of blood that erythrocytes make up. Normal is 0.6.

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14
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?

A

Small erythrocytes and haemoglobin synthesis failure. Common with heavy menstruation, cancers and parasitic infections.

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15
Q

What is normocytic anaemia?

A

Acute loss of blood.

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16
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia?

A

Large erythrocytes but overall decrease in erythrocytes so less haemoglobin. Common in pregnancy with folic acid deficiency or vegetarians with B12 deficiency.

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17
Q

What are the five main cell types of leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Macrophage
  • Monocyte
18
Q

Which three leukocyte types are known as polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. They contain inflammatory mediators in cytoplasmic granules.

19
Q

Which cell type is responsible for humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes

20
Q

What is a blast formation?

A

A reaction caused by the appearance of foreign antigen causing proliferation of T cells.

21
Q

When do monocytes become macrophages?

A

In tissues.

22
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low white blood cell count, common in chemotherapy and HIV patients.

23
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

Raised white blood cell count caused by infection.

24
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes

25
Q

What is the life span of a platelet?

A

8-10 days

26
Q

What do platelets produce and what enzyme is involved?

A

Thromboxane using the cycloxygenase enzyme.

27
Q

How do pores in facilitated diffusion work?

A

They conceal the ionic charges present from the hydrophobic core of the bilayer.

28
Q

What is a symporter?

A

Cotransporter that moves two substances in the same direction.

29
Q

What is an antiporter?

A

Molecules moved in opposite directions

30
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Engulfment of extracellular solute by membrane, creating small intracellular, membrane-bound vesicles.

31
Q

What are the five main infectious agents and an example for each?

A

1) Bacteria (leprosy)
2) Viruses (rabies)
3) Fungi (ringworm)
4) Helminth parasites (hookworm)
5) Protozoa (malaria)

32
Q

Which cell type is peptidoglycan present in the cell wall?

A

Prokaryotic cells

33
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

By binary fission.

34
Q

Where is the genetic information found in bacteria?

A

Nucleoids

35
Q

How do protozoa cause infections?

A

By ingestion or via a vector.

36
Q

Which type of infectious agent is visible to the naked eye?

A

Helminth parasites

37
Q

How do protozoa replicate?

A

Binary fission

38
Q

What is the order of increasing size between different cell types and organelles?

A

Viruses < bacteria < organelles < eukaryotic cells

39
Q

What stimulates erythroietin?

A

Testosterone and low O2 concentration.

40
Q

What is meant by pernicious anaemia?

A

Anaemia caused by B12 deficiency.

Y1 - MCD (38 decks)

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