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Y1 - MCD > Immunology 3-4 > Flashcards

Immunology 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are our anatomical barriers to infection?

A
  • Skin (mechanical barrier and acidic environment)

- Mucous membranes (trap microorganisms and expel using cilia)

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2
Q

What are the physiological barriers to infection?

A
  • Body temperature
  • pH (stomach acid kills some ingested microorganisms)
  • Chemical mediators (interferons, complement, lysozyme)
  • Phagocytic cells
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3
Q

What does a neutrophil do?

A

Can perform phagocytosis and is often one of the first cells to the site of infection.

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4
Q

What percentage do neutrophils make up of all WBCs?

A

40-70%

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5
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytosis and cytokine release. Less abundant that neutrophils but still widely dispersed.

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6
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Phagocytosis, granule release and defence against parasitic infections.

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7
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Granule release and can sometimes be an APC. Main source of histamine.

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8
Q

What does a mast cell do?

A

Pro-inflammatory granule release causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

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9
Q

What does a dendritic cell do?

A

Antigen capture in the epidermal layers, migrates to the lymph nodes and presentation to T lymphocytes. Can also secrete cytokines.

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10
Q

What does a NK cell do?

A

Lyse infected cells by large granules of interferon-gamma.

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11
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Coating of a pathogen with proteins to facilitate phagocytosis. Opsonins binds to antigens.

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12
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small secreted proteins that are in charge of cell-cell communication and are thought of as the messengers of the immune system. They act locally and have a short half-life but can be biologically active at very low concentrations.

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13
Q

Give some examples of cytokines.

A
  • Interferons
  • Interleukins (between lymphocytes)
  • Chemokines
  • Growth factors
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14
Q

Where are the complement components produced?

A

Liver

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15
Q

What is the complement system?

A

It enhances the activity of specific antibodies in lysing bacteria, amplifying response to immunological stimuli.

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16
Q

How is the complement system activated?

A

C-reactive proteins and Mannan binding proteins.

17
Q

What are the four functions of the complement system?

A

1) Opsonisation
2) Lysis
3) Activation of inflammatory response
4) Clearance

18
Q

What type of cell produce antibodies and what are they?

A

Plasma cells. A protein that is produced in response to an antigen and has the property of binding to that specific antigen.

19
Q

What is the Fc region?

A

The constant, crystallising region. It is able to crystallise due to regular sequence of proteins.

20
Q

What is the Fab region?

A

The hyper variable region of the antibody which binds to the antigen?

21
Q

What is the variable region made up of?

A

Three separate hyper variable regions called ht complementarily determining regions (CDRs).

22
Q

What are the two main sections of an antibody?

A

Fc and Fab

23
Q

What does the hinge region allow?

A

Allows antibodies to bind at different spacings.

24
Q

What holds the heavy and light chains together?

A

Disulphide bridges.

25
Q

Explain the nature of the interactions between the antigen and the antibody.

A

Individually weak as they are covalent however they are several interactions which compensate for the individual weakness.

26
Q

What is antibody affinity?

A

Strength of total non-covalent interactions between single antigen binding site and a single epitope.

27
Q

What is antibody avidity?

A

Overall strength of interactions between antibody and antigen.

28
Q

What are the five classes of immunoglobin?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM.

29
Q

What light chains do they have?

A

All Kappa or Lamda.

30
Q

What heavy chains do they have?

A 
A- Alpha
D- Delta
E- Epsilon
G- Gamma
M- Mu
31
Q

What are the further subclasses of IgA and IgG?

A

IgA - IgA1 and IgA2

IgG - Ig1, Ig2, Ig3, and Ig4

32
Q

Which is the most abundant immunoglobin?

A

IgG

33
Q

Where is IgA present and what does it protect against?

A

Mucosal surfaces (monomer in blood but dimer in secretions). Protects against bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

34
Q

Where is IgD expressed?

A

On the surface of B cells - involved in cell development and activation. Very low concentrations.

35
Q

What is IgE involved in?

A

Allergic reactions and parasitic infections by binding to FCeRI receptors on the surface of mast cells causing histamine release.

36
Q

Where is IgG present?

A

Transported across the placenta to unborn foetus so involved in passive immunity. Found in blood, tissues and ECM also.

37
Q

Where is IgM found?

A

Mainly the blood due to its large size (pentameric structure with 10 binding sites).

38
Q

Which two immunoglobin classes are involved in activating the complement system?

A

IgG and IgM

39
Q

Which immunoglobin class is first formed after initial infection?

A

IgM

Y1 - MCD (38 decks)

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