Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 - MCD > Cell pathology 1-2 > Flashcards

Cell pathology 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is oedema?

A

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid causing swelling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can cause oedema? (5)

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
  • Lymphatic obstruction
  • Increased salt retention (therefore increased water reabsorption)
  • Reduced plasma oncotic pressure
  • Inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is generalised oedema?

A

Fluid found in serious cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can cause generalised oedema? (3)

A
  • Left heart failure
  • Venous hypertension
  • Lymphatic obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of localised oedema?

A

Pulmonary and cerebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can cause localised oedema? (3)

A
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Nutritional oedema
  • Hypoproteinaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Excess fluid in interstitial space which overflows into alveolar space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can pulmonary oedema lead to?

A

Bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary oedema?

A

Breathlessness, made worse when lying down flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes pulmonary oedema?

A

Plasma oncotic pressure is lower than hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

An abnormal blood clot formation in the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common complication of venous thrombosis?

A

Pulmonary embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is venous thrombosis caused by?

A

Stasis and hypercoagulability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is arterial thrombosis caused by?

A

Mostly atherosclerotic plaques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common complication of arterial thrombosis?

A

Infarction and tissue death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Abnormal material within the circulatory system which has been carried by the blood to a site distant from its site of origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are examples of emboli? (4)

A
  • Fat
  • Air
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an infarct?

A

An area of ischaemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either arterial supply or venous drainage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a red infarct?

A

Venous occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a white infarct?

A

Arterial occlusion. Also known as an anaemic infarct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is haemorrhage?

A

Extravasation of a vessel due to rupture leading to hypovolaemia.

22
Q

What are two common causes of haemorrhage?

A

AAAs and brainstem haemorrhage.

23
Q

What is hypovolaemic shock?

A

When the blood has lost too much blood volume. Remaining blood is redirected to most important organs such as the heart, kidneys, brain and skin.

24
Q

What is cariogenic shock?

A

When the heart can’t pump enough blood. This has a high mortality rate.

25
Q

What does septic shock result in?

A

organ dysfunction, ischaemic tissue and multi-organ failure

26
Q

What cell types are involved in inflammation? (6)

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
27
Q

Which two cell types are most important in inflammation and why?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils because they can perform phagocytosis and recruitment of other cells by mediator release.

28
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Rapid, non-specific response orchestrated by mediators that have been released by the injured cells.

29
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent inflammation response which can arise from acute inflammation.

30
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (5)

A

1) Rubor - redness
2) Dolor - pain
3) Calor - heat
4) Swelling
5) Loss of function

31
Q

What occurs to microvasculature at the site of injury?

A

Vasodilation and increase in blood flow by mediators such as histamine and nitric oxice. Further increase in permeability.

32
Q

What is exudate?

A

A mass of cells and fluid that has leaked out of blood vessels.

33
Q

What are the four characteristic signs of exudate?

A
  • High protein content
  • May be purulent (leukocyte rich)
  • High specific gravity
  • Contains cells and cell debris
34
Q

What is transudate?

A

Ultrafiltrate of blood plasma caused by increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced oncotic pressure. Only water moves out of the blood vessel though as the plasma proteins are too large.

35
Q

What are the three characteristic signs of transudate?

A
  • Low protein content
  • Low specific gravity
  • Low cell content
36
Q

What can degradation of microbes give rise to? (3)

A
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • Lysozyme
  • Lactoferrin
37
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

Multi-functional protein that prevent bacterial reproduction.

38
Q

Where is histamine produced? (3)

A

Basophils, mast cells and platelets.

39
Q

What does histamine do? (3)

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased vasculature permeability
  • Endothelial activation
40
Q

Where are prostaglandins produced? (2)

A

Mast cells and leukocytes

41
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Vasodilation, fever and pain symptoms.

42
Q

Where are chemokine produced? (2)

A

Leukocytes and activated macrophages.

43
Q

What do chemokine do?

A

Chemotaxis and leukocyte activation.

44
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Fever, pain and malaise symptoms and endothelial activation.

45
Q

Where are cytokines produced?

A

Macrophages, endothelial cells and mast cells.

46
Q

Examples of cytokines?

A

TNF and IL-1

47
Q

Where are complement factors made?

A

Liver

48
Q

What do complement factors do?

A

Vasodilation and opsonisation.

49
Q

What is granuloma?

A

An aggregate of activated macrophages in an attempt to eliminate a resistant offending agent.

50
Q

What things can impair wound healing? (6)

A

1) Poor nutrition
2) Vitamin and mineral deficiency
3) Poor local blood supply
4) Movement
5) Suppressed inflammation (steroid use and age)
5
6) Persistent foreign body

Y1 - MCD (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions