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USMLE > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Immune response against giardia

A

IgA and Th cells. Eosinophils more responsible for helminths vs the trophozoite giardia

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2
Q

Sirolimus MOA

A

Inhibits mTOR pathway, disupting IL-2 signal transduction, preventing G1 to S progression and lymphcyte proliferation

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3
Q

Rituximab MOA

A

Chimeric antibody that targets CD20, depleting B cells.

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4
Q

Function of Th2 cells

A

Promote humoral immune response by secreting IL-4 and IL-5, which activate B cells.

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5
Q

IL-1

A

produced by macrophages. Activates Th0 cells, promoting them to differentiate into Th1 and Th2. Endogenous pyrogen

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6
Q

IL-2

A

Produced by Th1 cells. Stimulates development of CD4+, CD8+, and B cells.

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7
Q

IL-3

A

Produced by Th cells. Stimulates growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells

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8
Q

IL-10

A

Produced by Th2 cells. helps regulate balance between Th1 and Th2 populations. Inhibits synthesis of interferon gamma, leading to decrease in Th1s.

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9
Q

IL-12

A

Synthesized by macrophages. Stimulates Th1 growth and evelopemnt.

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10
Q

IL-4

A

Produced by Th2 cells. Facilitates growth of B cells and Th2 cells. Stimulates antibody isotype switching.

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11
Q

Type I interferons

A

Interferon alpha and beta. Made by most cells when infected by virus. Signal infected and neighboring cells to ahlt protein synthesis if the cell is infected with dsRNA.

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12
Q

Type II interferons

A

Interferon gamma. Produced by T cells and NK cells. Promotes Th1 differentiation, increases MHC class II expression, increases intracellular killing by macrophages.

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13
Q

Hyper-IgM syndrome

A

Inability of B cells to isotype switch. Presents with lymphod hyperplasia and recurrent sinopulmonary infections.

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14
Q

Transplant rejection types

A

Hyperacute: occurs in minutes to hours due to preformed antibodies against graft in patient’s blood. Results in gross mottling and cyanosis and thrombotic occlusion

Acute: occurs in first 6 mos due to induction of humoral/cellular activation of naive immune cells against donor antigens. Hmoral rejection results in CD4 deposition, nuetrophils, and neccrotizing vasculitis. Cellular response results in lymphocytic infiltratates and endotheliitis

Chronic: occurs in months to years due to chronic low grade immune response refractory to immunosuppressants; results in vascular wall thickeining/luminal narrowing and interstitial fibrosis and parenchyma atrophy

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15
Q

Langhans giant cell

A

T-cell activated macrophages with multiple nuclei organized peripherally in a horseshoe shape. Nonspecific finding in granulomatous conditions.

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16
Q

IL-8

A

Released by macrophages. Chemotactic for neutrophils. Induces phagocytosis in neutrophils once they have arrived

17
Q

C3a

A

Anaphylotoxic (triggers histamine release from mast cells). Recruits and activates eosinophils and basophils, not neutrophils.

18
Q

C4a

A

Anaphylotoxic (tirggers histamine release from mast cells)

19
Q

C5a

A

Anaphyotoxic (triggers histamine release from mast cells). Recruits and activates neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

20
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Destroy cells with decreased or absent MHC class I on surface, such as in virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

21
Q

CD14

A

marker of monocyte-macrophage cell lineage

22
Q

IL-5

A

Produced by Th2 and mast cells. Stimulates eosinophil prolferation and activation during parasitic infection

23
Q

Immune defense against parasites

A
  • parasite invades mucosa or blood
  • IgG and IgE coat parasite and bind eosinophil via Fc receptor
  • eosinophil degranulates and releases major basic protein that damages the parasite (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
24
Q

T cell maturation

A
  • subcapsular zone: double negative precursor
  • cortex: double positive. Undergo positive selection to ensure have affinity for self MHC
  • medulla: single positive for either CD4 or CD8. Undergo negative selection to ensure don’t have excess affinity for self antigens and MHC
25
Q

Features of sarcoidosis: epi, clinical, imaging, labs, path

A

Epi: young african americans

Clinical: cough, dysphea, chest pain

Imaging: bilateral hilar adenopathy and pulmonary reticular infiltrates

Labs: high calcium, high ACE

Pathology: noncaseating granulomas

26
Q

HBeAg and anti-HBeAg

A

HBeAg in serum is a marker of viral replication and high infectivity. Anti-HBeAg in the srum indicates cessation of active viral replication and low infectivity.

27
Q

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

Pathophys: failure to express CD18 integrin, leading to disordered leukocyte migration. Defects in several proteins including LFA-1.

Presentation:: delayed separation of umbilical cord stump. Omphalitis. Recurrent bacterial infections and impaired wound healing. Perirectal abscess a common finding.

Labs: Elevated white count.

28
Q

chronic granulomatous disease

A

Pathophys: phagocytes can’t make ROS

Presentation: opportunistic infections

Labs: Neutropenia

Diagnosis: neg nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test

29
Q

Thymoma presentation

A

Associated with paraneoplastic syndromes: myasthenia gravis, pure RBC aplasia, hypogammaglobulinemia

30
Q

Endotoxin of N meningitidis

A

Lipooligosaccharide - analagous to LPS found in most gram negs

31
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

32
Q

Treatment of Guillan Barre

A

plasmapheresis and immunoglobulin

33
Q

hapten

A

molecule that an’t elicit immune response on own because can’t activate Th cells, but can elicit response when binds to a protein

34
Q

Henoch-Schonlein purpora

A

vasculitis. Presents with palpable pruritic lesions of butt and legs, arthralgias, fever, malaise, episodic abdominal pain. Can cause renal failure with mesangial IgA deposition. C3 normal.

35
Q

Complication of juvenile arthritis

A

Uveitis that can lead to blindness

36
Q

Job syndrome

A

failure of Th cells to make interferon gamma. Presents with recurrent staph infections, eczema, high IgE.

37
Q

Presentation of Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Cutaneous lesions. Can also affect lungs, GI tract, biliary tree. If GI involvement, can get hematochezia, hematemesis, melena

USMLE (17 decks)

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