Immunology Flashcards
3 types of blood cells
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Thrombocytes or platelets
Myeloid
Progenitors of the Innate Immune system. Become: Monocytes/Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils/Mast cells.
myelocytic leukemia
leukemia involving myeloids that are replicating out of control
Lymphoid
Progenitors of the adaptive immune system. Become:
Lymphocytes
lymphocytic leukemia
leukemia involving lymphoid cells
Blasts
very immature blood cell
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Cytokines
Chemical Messengers:
- Interluekins & Interferons
- Leukokines, monokines, lymphokines etc
1st Line of Defense in Immune System
Skin and mucous membrane
2nd Line of Defense in Immune System
Innate Immune System
Innate Immune System Cells
o Macrophages o Neutrophils o Natural Killer Cells o Eosinophils o Basophils o Mast Cells o The Complement System
Machrophage
Start as monocyte
- ingest microorganisms and cellular debris
- displays some portion of what’s killed on it’s surface in order to call in other immune cells
Antigen Presenting Cells
Transports some of the invader’s proteins to its surface to show and stimulate other immune cells to act; macrophages
Microglia, Kuppher Cells, Alveolar Macrophage
Different types of macrophages; very powerful
Neutrophils
- most plentiful WBC in blood count
- aggressive phagocyte
- NOT antigen presenting
- puss is spent neutrophils
Shift to the Left
- Increase number of “bands” (newly developing neutrophils in a blood smear)
- Indicates a ramping up of the immune response to bacterial infection
Eosinophils
- Granule containing cells
- Important in allergic phenomena and combating parasites
- Lots of granules; granulocytes
Basophil and Mast Cells
- Contain granules loaded with histamine
- Very important in allergic phenomena
Pattern Recgonition Receptors
- Cells able to bind to antigens using inherited pattern-recognition receptors.
- Receptors for pathogens developed to attack broad classes of infectious organisms
- Generation to generation
Compliment System
-Part of innate immune
-work fast
-20+ proteins that work together to destroy invaders and signal other immune system components that an attack is on
• Opsonization (antibody to antigen)
• Chemo-attraction (calls in other killing cells)
• Lyses of the cell /virus
3 pathways of compliment system
- Classic = antibody to antigen
- Alternative = compliment activated on any cell w/o right stuff on surface
- Lectin Activation Pathway = Patterns of carbohydrates and fats on the surface of common pathogens (bacteria, fungi) activates the complement cascade
Adaptive Immune System
Slow; Target 1 cell; very specific
Humoral Immunity
extracellular microbes (i.e. bacteria)
Cellular Immunity
Intracellular microbes (i.e. viruses)
T Lymphocytes
o T cell response is slow and specific
o Antigens must be “presented” to the T cell for T cell activation
Cell mediated immunity
Helper T Cells (Th)
- Direct immune response and have CD4 receptors on their surface
- Reads MHC II protein of “antigen presenting cells” (macrophages), secretes cytokine, which activates the T-Helper to kill
Killer T Cells (cytotoxic lymphocytes)
- Kill cells, important in killing viruses, CD* receptors on surface.
- Read the MCH I of a antigen presenting cell AND Receives input from a Th cell
Regulatory T Cells
Regulates immune system; very little known; when they are dysfunctional we develop autoimmune diseases
B Cells
Makes ANTIBODIES
- Receives signals from T Helper Cells
- Activated B cells which are producing antibodies often referred to as “Plasma Cells”
Memory Cells
Memory cells are lymphocytes that have gone through the process of activation.
-They are able to quickly and efficiently mount response to invader they recognize (the basis for the use of vaccines)
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins; made by B cells
Heavy Chain
binds to the surface of other immune systems cells (Fac or constant part)
B Cells
Makes ANTIBODIES
- Receives signals from T Helper Cells
- Activated B cells which are producing antibodies often referred to as “Plasma Cells”
Memory Cells
Memory cells are lymphocytes that have gone through the process of activation.
-They are able to quickly and efficiently mount response to invader they recognize (the basis for the use of vaccines)
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins; made by B cells
Heavy Chain
part of antibody; handle of fork; binds to the surface of other immune systems cells (Fac or constant part)
Light Chain
part of antibody; prongs on fork; bind to antigens (Fab or variable part); have to adapt to lots of different antigens
IgE
Anaphylaxis and allergies
MHC
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- MHC are proteins that all cells display on their surfaces that are unique to that individual.
- “self”/”non self” OR invader/non-invader
Graft vs Host Disease
Cytotoxic T cell in the ‘graft” (transfusion) attack the recipient’s cells.
You RADIATE the blood before transfusion b/c RBCs don’t have nucleus but WBCs DO. The radiation zaps the WBCs. OK to transfuse.
IgA
- Guards the mucosal surfaces of the body including digestive, respiratory, and reproductive
- The most abundant antibody produced
- Secreted into the milk of nursing mothers protecting baby from pathogens, especially in the gut.
IgE
Anaphylaxis and allergies
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- MHC are proteins that all cells display on their surfaces that are unique to that individual.
- “self”/”non self” OR invader/non-invader
Graft Rejection
Any cell displaying some other MHC type (HLA type) is “non-self” and is an invader, resulting in varying degrees of rejection of the tissue bearing those cells.
HLA
Human Leukocyte Antigen System; is the MHC of white blood cells for individuals; used in organ finding/transplants/tissue typing
MHC Class I
Shows what’s happening inside of cell; small fragments of virus inside cell will load on MHC I molecule and present on cell surface for CD8 (Killer T) cells
MHC Class II
Shows what’s happening outside of cell; antigen presenting cells (macrophages), MHC II molecule presents on cell surface for CD4 (Th) cells.
Graft Rejection
Any cell displaying some other MHC type (HLA type) is “non-self” and is an invader, resulting in varying degrees of rejection of the tissue bearing those cells.
Autoimmunity
•Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system no longer recognizes “self” and mounts an attack (in varying degree) to our own tissues.
HLA-B27 = ankylosing spondylitis
Cancer and Immune Response
Some cancer cells present abnormal MHC so our immune system attacks
Hallmarks of Inflammation
Rubor, Dolor, Calor = infection
Inflammatory Response
- The cellular response of macrophages, neutrophils, other immune cells to infection which promote release of histamine and many other vasoactive substances.
- Cytokine production by various immune cells produce influence other immune system cells and act on tissues on both a local level and systemic level
- Activation of the compliment system
