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Erin's Fundamentals > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of GI Tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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2
Q

Meissner Plexus and Auerbach Plexus

A

Meissner=Submucosal Plexus
Senses environment in lumen; regulates blood flow; unfolding of wall in stomach

Auerbach=Myenteric
Peristolsis; movement

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3
Q

Parasympathetic Role in GI

A

-secretion, motility, pain sensation, intestinal reflexes

Secretes ACh = excites GI

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4
Q

Sympathetic Role in GI

A

-inhibits motility, produces vasoconstriction

Secrete norepi and epi = inhibits GI

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5
Q

Action Potential of GI

A 
Nerve = Na+ channels only so no AP reached
GI = special channels that let Na+ and Ca++ to enter leading to Sloooww and drawn out AP (like cardiac)
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6
Q

Splanchnic Flow

A
  • Blood flow from GI ALL go through the hepatic portal vein to clean up the blood and remove trash
  • Fats Do NOT go this route
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7
Q

Contents of Saliva

A 
1L per day, hypotonic, pH of 6.0-7.0
water
mucus 
bicarbonate
potassium
salivary amylase
lingual lipase
chloride, sodium,  IgA
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8
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

SALIVATION activated by PNS and SNS

  • Sour, smooth, sweet, soft = excite
  • Food contacts epithelium in mouth
  • Irritation/nausea – saliva increases to remove irritant
  • Also by insulin secretion in hyperglycemic environment (not if normoglycemic)
  • Aggression
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9
Q

Process of chewing/swallowing

A
  1. Food enters mouth; mixed with saliva
  2. Bolus moved by tongue and propelled back and upward
  3. Pharynx muscles raise soft palate to nasal cavity
  4. Respiration inhibited by the medulla swallowing center
  5. Epiglottis slides back to close off the larynx and trachea
  6. Upper Esophageal Sphincter relaxes and food enters esophagus
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10
Q

Apthous ulcers

A

disruption in mucosal layer from from trauma, infection or inflammation

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11
Q

What special nerve works on the esophagus?

A

Vagus

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12
Q

UES

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

keeps air out

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13
Q

LES

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

keeps gastric juices in stomach

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14
Q

Esophageal Stricture and Rings

A
  • Narrowing of esophagus from scar tissue
  • Bands of esophageal muscle tissue forming in the lower esophagus
  • Both associated with GERD
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15
Q

Achalasia

A

LES fails to relax

  • increase of sympathetic tone of LES
  • prohibits food from entering the stomach
  • Esophageal swelling, infection, ulceration
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16
Q

3 Regions of the stomach

A

fundus, body, pylorus

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17
Q

Location and function of pyloric sphincter?

A

Located at distal end of the stomach; keeps food in the stomach for digestion

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18
Q

Oxyntic Glands

A

Found in fundus and body of the stomach

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19
Q

Parietal Cells

A 
HCl 
Intrinsic factor (needed for B12)
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20
Q

Chief Cells

A

pepsinogen; requires HCl to split to pepsin

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21
Q

ECL cells

A

secrete histamine; stimulates gastric acid secretion

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22
Q

D cells

A

secrete somatostatin; inhibits gastrin-gastric acid

23
Q

G cells

A

G cells secrete gastrin; stimulates gastric acid secretion

24
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucus; Goblet cells

25
Q

Pyloric glands

A 
In pylorus (antrum)
Contain G cells, D cells, and mucous neck cells
26
Q

surface mucous cells

A

everywhere; special mucous cells secrete an abundance of viscid mucus. Protective, coats 1 mm thick. Very alkaline. Increases with proximity of food to epithelium

27
Q

Stimulation of HCl acid secretion

A

histamine, gastrine, ACh, somatostatin

28
Q

Where are carbs, proteins, and fats digested?

A 
carbs = saliva
proteins = stomach/small intestine with pepsin and HCl
fats = lingual lipase that's activated in stomach and small intestine
29
Q

Gatroileal Reflex

A

gastric motility and secretion increase; gastroileal reflex increases motility

30
Q

Gastroenteric reflex

A

distention of the stomach triggers peristalsis

31
Q

Gastritis

A

Permeability of mucus layer allows digestive enzymes to attack mucosa. Helicobacter Pylori decreases mucosal barrier and increases acid secretions.

32
Q

Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

A

mucosal membrane gone; HCl irritating submucosa

Tx: H2 blocker b/c you want to block histamine which STIMulates HCL secretion.

33
Q

Adventitia vs Serosa

A 
Adventitia = outer layer/connective tissue of esophagus; stronger for better protection because it is RETROperitoneal
Serosa = outer layer/connective tissuee of the rest of the GI; on intraperitoneal structures
34
Q

Rugae

A

increase absorption but not pressure; increase capacity

35
Q

Cephalic - Gastric - Intestinal Phases

A

Phases of digestion

36
Q

Brunner’s Glands

A

in duodenum; secrete alkaline mucosa to neutralize acid from stomach

37
Q

Crypts of Lieberkahn

A

Secrete digestive juices, hold undifferentiated cells to replace epithelial population every 4-7 days

38
Q

I cells

A

Secrete Cholecystokinin which slows gastric emptying and increases bile ejection

39
Q

ileogastric reflex

A

distension of the ileum inhibits stomach motility

40
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

stretch receptors in the duodenum send a message to slow or stop emptying of the stomach

41
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

stretch in the stomach causes an increase in colonic motility

42
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

increased motility in the stomach causes increase in motility of the ileum

43
Q

CCK, Pepsin, Secretin inhibit what?

A

Parietal, chief, and perstalsis

44
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

trypsinogen
chymotrypsin
procarboxypeptidase

45
Q

What does pancreatic amylase digest?

A

carbohydrates

46
Q

What digests fats?

A

pancreatic lipase, lingual lipase, bile

47
Q

What digests carbohydrates?

A

pancreatic amylase and HCl

48
Q

What digests protein?

A

pancreatic enzymes

49
Q

Micelle formation

A

little fat packets created by bile salts; transported to liver; bile salts go back in to circulation

50
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

bile returns to liver to be reused

51
Q

Ca++ Absorption

A
  1. absorbed in ileum
  2. absorption enhanced by bile salts; which also helps absorb Vit D
  3. Increase demand=increased uptake
52
Q

Vitamin B12 Absorption

A
  1. absorbed in ileum
  2. B12 absorbed with the help of INTRINSIC FACTOR
  3. Necessary for erythrocyte maturation
    PERNICIOUS ANEMIA (not B12)
53
Q

Iron

A
  1. Vit C enhance absorption

2. Get it from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal

Erin's Fundamentals (12 decks)

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