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Erin's Fundamentals > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH, oxytocin

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2
Q

6 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A 
TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH – follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
GH – growth hormone
ACTH – adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Prolactin
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3
Q

ADH

A

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Acts on Principle Cells of distal renal tubules and collecting ducts to increase H20 re-absorption

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4
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

In hypothalamus; are very sensitive to blood osmolarity. Stimulations of these receptors results in the posterior pituitary release of ADH

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5
Q

Baroreceptors

A

in the left atrium, aortic arch, and carotid artery sense hypovolemia / hypervolemia signaling the hypothalamus to decrease/increase secretion of ADH

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6
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine

  • Neural
  • Nephrogenic
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7
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of Innappropriate ADH secretion

  • Oat cell carcinoma
  • decreased Na+ = total body Na+ is normal; too much total body free water
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8
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Uterine contraction, helps in baby delivery
  • “Let down of milk” (milk moves from production areas to traveling down the ductal system)
  • Milk ejection
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9
Q

Acromegaly

A

Too much GH but growth plates CLOSED

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10
Q

Gigantism

A

Too much GH and growth plates OPEN

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11
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • Increase in linear growth (before bone growth plates close)
  • Increase protein synthesis, increased lean body mass
  • Promotes utilization of fats for energy source
  • Diabetogenic – increases insulin resistance
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12
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Lactogenesis
  • Inhibits ovulation (inhibits GnrH)
  • Breast development at puberty and pregnancy
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13
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Milk production unassociated with pregnancy.

  • trauma to pituitary
  • no dopamine production to inhibit release
  • give Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
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14
Q

TSH

A
  • Stimulted by release of TRH in hypothalamus
  • Regulates secretion of T3 and T4
  • T3 is the “steady” state hormone
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15
Q

T4

A
  • Thyroxine

- Tissues turn T4 in to T3

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16
Q

T3 Physiologic Effects

A
  • Increased thermogenesis, sweating
  • Increase rate/depth respiration (increased 02 consumption/ C02 production)
  • Increase cardiac output, arrhythmias
  • Increased pulse pressure (positive inotropic effects)
  • Increased utilization of nutrients, increased food intake, weight loss
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17
Q

T3 Actions

A
  1. Growth/bone formation and maturation
  2. Maturation of CNS
  3. BMR (Na+, K+, O2, Heat)
  4. Metabolism (glucose absorption, glyconeogenesis, lipolysis, protein synthesis)
  5. Cardiac Output
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18
Q

Grave’s Disease

A
  1. antibodies bind to TSH receptors in thyroid and turn it “ON”
  2. the gland starts to produce more T3/T4
  3. TSH levels are decreased because of negative feedback exerted by high plasma levels of T3 / T4
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19
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

• Cold intolerance
• Weight gain
• Slowness in movement, speech, and thought
• Lethargy
• Myxedema – puffiness of skin, non-pitting edema, pleural, cardiac effusions
Thyroid Hormones = low, TSH/TRH= high

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20
Q

Myxedema

A

puffiness of skin, non-pitting edema, pleural, cardiac effusions caused by HYPOTHYROIDISM

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21
Q

Cretinism

A

is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones

22
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epi
Norepi
Dopamine

23
Q

Hormones of the adrenal medula

A

catecholamines: epi, norepi, dopamine

24
Q

Hormones and layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona Reticularis = Androgens
Zona Fasciculata = Glucocorticoids
Zona Glomerulosa = Mineralcorticoids

25
Q

CRH

A

cortico-trophin releasing hormone; released from hypothalamus and heads to pituitary; stimulates secretion of ACTH

26
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone; released from pituitary and tells adrenal cortex to release cortisol; includes

27
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol
• Stimulates gluconeogenesis; HIGH blood sugar
• Antiinflammatory – inhibits inflammatory response
• Suppresses immune response –(T cells); organ transplant patients will get steroids to fight immune system attack
• Maintains vascular response to catecholamines; need steroids so that your body can respond to sympathetic nervous system
• Inhibits bone formation

28
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Increases Na+ resorption resulting in ECF volume expansion, hypertension
  • Increases renal K+ secretion - hypokalemia
  • Increases renal H+ secretion – metabolic alkalosis
29
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone; part of ACTH family; released from pituitary; high MSH can lead to hyperpigmentation

30
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

adrenal insufficiency:

Hypoglycemia, anorexia, weakness, hyperpigmentation (high ACTH levels, high MSH)

31
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Excess glucocorticoids (too much cortisol)

32
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone; releases FSH and LH from pituitary

33
Q

FSH

A

folllicle stimulating hormone
• Stimulates development of follicles in the ovary
• Stimulates spermatogenesis

34
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone
• Stimulates development of corpus luteum in the ovaries
• Stimulates testosterone secretions of testes

35
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

A

feedback hormones that stimulate release of FSH and LH

36
Q

Conn Syndrome

A

HyperAldosterone

  • hypertension
  • hypokalemia
  • metabolic alkalosis
37
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone of Abundance

  • secreted when serum GLUCOSE is HIGH
  • Increasing glucose transport into cells
  • Promotes K+ uptake into cells
  • Promoting formation of glycogen (chain of glucose) in liver and muscle
  • Decreases blood lipid levels and stores fats
38
Q

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

A

not making adequate insulin, “early onset”

  • cells can’t uptake insulin
  • cells break down fat for energy (ketones)
  • hyperglycemic, ketoacidosis, polyuria, polydipsia,
39
Q

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

A

making adequate insulin but cells don’t respond, “insulin resistence.”

  • don’t get ketoacidotic
  • hyperglycemic
  • Treat with weight loss and Metformin (improves tissues use of insulin)
40
Q

GLP/ GIP 1

A

promote insulin secretion

41
Q

ALPHA Cells

A

produce glucagon

42
Q

BETA Cells

A

produce insulin

43
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone of Starvation

  • secreted when serum GLUCOSE is LOW
  • increases blood glucose; works opposite of insulin
44
Q

Somatostatin

A

Released by hypothalamus:

  • inhibits growth hormone
  • modulates response of glucose/glucagon to food ingestion
45
Q

Physical signs of hypocalcemia

A
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Muscle cramping
  • Spontaneous twitching
  • Tingling and numbness
  • Chvostek sign: twitching of facial muscle caused by tapping on facial nerve
  • Trosseau sign: carpopedal spasm with inflation of BP cuff
46
Q

Physical signs of hypercalcemia

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Constipation
  • Lethargy, coma, death
47
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid Hormone:

  • secretion stimulated with low serum Ca++
  • Kidney = Ca++ reabsorption, phosphate excretion
  • Bone = resorption of calcium (break down bone)
  • Intestine = Ca++ absorption
48
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

too much PTH; hypercalcemia; osteoperosis

49
Q

Hypoparathyroid

A

too little PTH; hypocalcemia

50
Q

Vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol

  • bone growth and remodeling
  • calcium and phosphate resorption
51
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets in kids

Osteoperosis in adults

Erin's Fundamentals (12 decks)

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