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Hawk Tuah > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 barriers of innate immunity

A

Skin, Mucus, Stomach acid, Normal flora

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2
Q

What are PAMPs and list examples

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
eg. lipopolysacharrides on gram neg or other surface antigens

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3
Q

What are DAMPs and list examples

A

Damage Associated Molecular Patterns
eg. signals derived from host factors ATP DNA RNA

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4
Q

TLR2

A

Gram Pos

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5
Q

TLR3

A

RNA virus

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6
Q

TLR4

A

Gram Neg

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7
Q

TLR7,8

A

DNA virus

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8
Q

TLR5

A

Flagellin

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9
Q

Cells and Soluble factors for Bacteria invasion

A

Neutrophils and Macrophage
Complement system

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10
Q

What are the functions of the complement system

A

Membrane Attack Complex
Opsonisation
Anaphylatoxins

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11
Q

Neutrophil functions

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

Macrophage functions

A

Phagocytosis and release IL1, IL6 & TNF A

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13
Q

Cells and Soluble factors in Virus invasion

A

NK cells
IFN A + B

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14
Q

NK cells functions

A

Perforin and granzymes
Fas-FasL
Release TNF A and IFN G

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15
Q

TNF A

A

Fever, inflammation, apoptosis

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15
Q

IL1

A

Fever, inflammation

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16
Q

IFN A + B

A

Interfere virus replication
Inflammation

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17
Q

Cells in Allergy/ Parasite invasion

A

Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells

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18
Q

How do DCs mature

A

Encounter PAMPs
Increased expression of MHC and B7

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19
Q

Describe Antigen Presentation process

A

DCs phagocytose antigen
Broken down to peptide fragments
Display peptide on MHC molecule

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20
Q

MHC 1 (what does it activate, where is it found, effects and nature of pathogen

A

CD8 CTL
All nucleated cells
Apoptosis of presenting cell
Intracellular pathogens eg virus

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21
Q

MHC 2 (what does it activate, where is it found, effects and nature of pathogen

A

CD4 helper T cell
Professional APCs eg DC, macrophage
Activation of T helper which activates other immune cells
Extracellular pathogens

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22
Q

Thymus functions

A

Selection and maturation of T cells

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23
Q

Bone marrow functions

A

Production of blood cells
Development of B cells

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24
Spleen functions
Filters blood of old RBCs and pathogens White pulp (PALS) with lymphocytes Red pulp containing RBCs, platelets and plasma
24
Lymph node functions
Houses T, B, D cells and macrophages Filters drained lymph and blood Location of Antigen Presentation
25
T cell - DC adhesion
LFA1 - ICAM1
25
How is a T cell activated
TCR - peptide-MHC with co-stimulation CD28 - B7
26
M1 vs M2 macrophage
M1 = Microbicidal M2 = Wound repair fibrosis
26
T cell termination
Co-stimulation stimulates CTLA4 expression CTLA4 binds with B7 with greater affinity than CD28 Inhibitory signals
26
T cell expansion
Once activated IL2 release and increased IL2R expression IL2 binds with IL2R Causes proliferation
27
Th1 (stimulus, activated by, releases, effects, cross regulation)
Virus/ Bacteria IFN G and IL12 IFN G and TNF A Activation of M1 Macrophage and promotes inflammation IFN G inhibits Th2 proliferation
27
Tfh functions
Antibody production All types of infections
28
Th2 (stimulus, activated by, releases, effects, cross regulation)
Allergy/ Parasites IL4 IL4, 5 IL4 = Isotype switching to IgE, M2 activation IL5 = Eosinophils TGF B, IL10 inhibits Th1 proliferation
28
CD8 CTL functions
Perforin and Granzymes Fas-FasL
29
How do T cells stay in lymph node
CCR7 - CCL19,21 L-selectin - L-selectin Ligand
29
Th17
IL17, 22 Bacteria and Fungal infections
29
How do T cells migrate to infection site
S1P gradient
29
What is somatic recombination
VDJ recombination of variable region of Fab to generate diversity of antibodies
29
What is somatic hypermutation
Generating variable region of Fab to achieve highest affinity for specific antigen
30
What is Isotype Switching
Varying of Fc region to obtain different immunoglobulin classes (irreversible)
30
IgM
First antibody produced Complement activation Immune complex
30
IgG
Immune complex Opsonisation ADCC Neutralization
30
Initial activation of B cells
B cell acquires antigen via BCR Processed and presented to Tfh on MHC2 Tfh activates B cell into short lived plasma cell Plasma cell secretes IgM and proliferates
31
IgA
Mucosal and glandular secretions Neutralization
32
IgE
Cross linking causes mast cell degranulation
32
Hypersensitivity type I (mediators, overview and examples)
Mast cells, IgE Sensitisation, Activation, Late phase reaction Anaphylaxis, Asthma, Allergic rhinitis
32
Hypersensitivity type II (mediators, overview and examples)
IgM and IgG Target specific cell type, Complement activation and Fc mediated inflammation, opsonisation and phagocytosis Graves, Myasthenia Gravis, Blood transfusion reactions
33
Histamine effects
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability Smooth muscle constriction
33
Hypersensitivity type III (mediators, overview and examples)
IgM and IgG Circulating immune complex deposits in tissues, Complement activation and Fc mediated inflammation, opsonisation and phagocytosis Serum sickness and Rheumatoid arthritis
33
Hypersensitivity type IV (mediators, overview and examples)
T cell mediated Delayed, CD4 releases cytokines and activates immune cells, CD8 CTL mediated damage Tb Skin test, Contact dermatitis, Chronic Asthma/Rhinitis
33
Tb Skin test
Th1 activate macrophage
33
Where does central tolerance occur
Thymus for T cells Bone marrow for B cells
33
Contact dermatitis
Th1 activate macrophage CTL mediated damage
33
Chronic asthma/rhinitis
Th2 activate eosinophils and IgE production
34
Negative selection
Strong binding to self antigen results in apoptosis
34
Positive selection
Some ability to bind to self MHC
35
What is AIRE
Autoimmune regulator Presentation of extra-thymic tissue-specific antigens
36
What are the 5 modes of peripheral tolerance
Ignorance Anergy Deletion Tregs Programmed cell death protein
37
Ignorance
TCR and peptide-self MHC is to weak to cause mature T cell activation
38
Anergy
Inactivation of T cell due to TCR binding without co-stimulation
39
Deletion
T cells that recognise self antigen undergo apoptosis pathways (Fas/ mitochondrial)
40
Programmed cell death protein
PD1 expressed strongly on chronically active T cells Bind with PDL1,2 inhibits TCR and CD28 signals
40
Tregs
CD4+ and CD25+ that express Foxp3 transcription factor CTLA4 blocks and removes B7 on APCs Release TGF B and IL10
41
IL4
Isotope switching Activate Th2 M2 activation
42
IL2
T cell expansion
43
IL5
Eosinophil activation
44
IL12
Th1 activation
45
IFN G
Th1 activation Macrophage stimulation Th2 inhibition
46
TGF B
Inhibitory cytokine
47
What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?
Hypotension causing reflex tachycardia, Bronchoconstriction, Angioedema
48
How to treat bronchial asthma
Corticosteroids and terbutaline
49
How to treat allergy diseases
Antihistamines
50
B cell affinity maturation and isotype switching
Somatic hypermutation occurs due to activation-induced deaminase (AID) BCRs bind with iccosome of follicular DC Highest affinity BCR acquires the antigen and displays it on MHC 2 to Tfh Tfh stimulates proliferation and blimp signal causes B cell to become plasma/memory b cell Tfh releases IL4 for isotype switching to IgG/E
51
IL10
Inhibitory cytokine

Hawk Tuah (12 decks)

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