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Hawk Tuah > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 barriers of innate immunity

A

Skin, Mucus, Stomach acid, Normal flora

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2
Q

What are PAMPs and list examples

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
eg. lipopolysacharrides on gram neg or other surface antigens

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3
Q

What are DAMPs and list examples

A

Damage Associated Molecular Patterns
eg. signals derived from host factors ATP DNA RNA

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4
Q

TLR2

A

Gram Pos

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5
Q

TLR3

A

RNA virus

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6
Q

TLR4

A

Gram Neg

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7
Q

TLR7,8

A

DNA virus

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8
Q

TLR5

A

Flagellin

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9
Q

Cells and Soluble factors for Bacteria invasion

A

Neutrophils and Macrophage
Complement system

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10
Q

What are the functions of the complement system

A

Membrane Attack Complex
Opsonisation
Anaphylatoxins

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11
Q

Neutrophil functions

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

Macrophage functions

A

Phagocytosis and release IL1, IL6 & TNF A

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13
Q

Cells and Soluble factors in Virus invasion

A

NK cells
IFN A + B

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14
Q

NK cells functions

A

Perforin and granzymes
Fas-FasL
Release TNF A and IFN G

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15
Q

TNF A

A

Fever, inflammation, apoptosis

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15
Q

IL1

A

Fever, inflammation

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16
Q

IFN A + B

A

Interfere virus replication
Inflammation

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17
Q

Cells in Allergy/ Parasite invasion

A

Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells

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18
Q

How do DCs mature

A

Encounter PAMPs
Increased expression of MHC and B7

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19
Q

Describe Antigen Presentation process

A

DCs phagocytose antigen
Broken down to peptide fragments
Display peptide on MHC molecule

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20
Q

MHC 1 (what does it activate, where is it found, effects and nature of pathogen

A

CD8 CTL
All nucleated cells
Apoptosis of presenting cell
Intracellular pathogens eg virus

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21
Q

MHC 2 (what does it activate, where is it found, effects and nature of pathogen

A

CD4 helper T cell
Professional APCs eg DC, macrophage
Activation of T helper which activates other immune cells
Extracellular pathogens

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22
Q

Thymus functions

A

Selection and maturation of T cells

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23
Q

Bone marrow functions

A

Production of blood cells
Development of B cells

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24
Q

Spleen functions

A

Filters blood of old RBCs and pathogens
White pulp (PALS) with lymphocytes
Red pulp containing RBCs, platelets and plasma

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24
Q

Lymph node functions

A

Houses T, B, D cells and macrophages
Filters drained lymph and blood
Location of Antigen Presentation

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25
Q

T cell - DC adhesion

A

LFA1 - ICAM1

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25
Q

How is a T cell activated

A

TCR - peptide-MHC with co-stimulation CD28 - B7

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26
Q

M1 vs M2 macrophage

A

M1 = Microbicidal
M2 = Wound repair fibrosis

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26
Q

T cell termination

A

Co-stimulation stimulates CTLA4 expression
CTLA4 binds with B7 with greater affinity than CD28
Inhibitory signals

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26
Q

T cell expansion

A

Once activated
IL2 release and increased IL2R expression
IL2 binds with IL2R
Causes proliferation

27
Q

Th1 (stimulus, activated by, releases, effects, cross regulation)

A

Virus/ Bacteria
IFN G and IL12
IFN G and TNF A
Activation of M1 Macrophage and promotes inflammation
IFN G inhibits Th2 proliferation

27
Q

Tfh functions

A

Antibody production
All types of infections

28
Q

Th2 (stimulus, activated by, releases, effects, cross regulation)

A

Allergy/ Parasites
IL4
IL4, 5
IL4 = Isotype switching to IgE, M2 activation
IL5 = Eosinophils
TGF B, IL10 inhibits Th1 proliferation

28
Q

CD8 CTL functions

A

Perforin and Granzymes
Fas-FasL

29
Q

How do T cells stay in lymph node

A

CCR7 - CCL19,21
L-selectin - L-selectin Ligand

29
Q

Th17

A

IL17, 22
Bacteria and Fungal infections

29
Q

How do T cells migrate to infection site

A

S1P gradient

29
Q

What is somatic recombination

A

VDJ recombination of variable region of Fab to generate diversity of antibodies

29
Q

What is somatic hypermutation

A

Generating variable region of Fab to achieve highest affinity for specific antigen

30
Q

What is Isotype Switching

A

Varying of Fc region to obtain different immunoglobulin classes (irreversible)

30
Q

IgM

A

First antibody produced
Complement activation
Immune complex

30
Q

IgG

A

Immune complex
Opsonisation
ADCC
Neutralization

30
Q

Initial activation of B cells

A

B cell acquires antigen via BCR
Processed and presented to Tfh on MHC2
Tfh activates B cell into short lived plasma cell
Plasma cell secretes IgM and proliferates

31
Q

IgA

A

Mucosal and glandular secretions
Neutralization

32
Q

IgE

A

Cross linking causes mast cell degranulation

32
Q

Hypersensitivity type I (mediators, overview and examples)

A

Mast cells, IgE
Sensitisation, Activation, Late phase reaction
Anaphylaxis, Asthma, Allergic rhinitis

32
Q

Hypersensitivity type II (mediators, overview and examples)

A

IgM and IgG
Target specific cell type, Complement activation and Fc mediated inflammation, opsonisation and phagocytosis
Graves, Myasthenia Gravis, Blood transfusion reactions

33
Q

Histamine effects

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Smooth muscle constriction

33
Q

Hypersensitivity type III (mediators, overview and examples)

A

IgM and IgG
Circulating immune complex deposits in tissues, Complement activation and Fc mediated inflammation, opsonisation and phagocytosis
Serum sickness and Rheumatoid arthritis

33
Q

Hypersensitivity type IV (mediators, overview and examples)

A

T cell mediated
Delayed, CD4 releases cytokines and activates immune cells, CD8 CTL mediated damage
Tb Skin test, Contact dermatitis, Chronic Asthma/Rhinitis

33
Q

Tb Skin test

A

Th1 activate macrophage

33
Q

Where does central tolerance occur

A

Thymus for T cells
Bone marrow for B cells

33
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Th1 activate macrophage
CTL mediated damage

33
Q

Chronic asthma/rhinitis

A

Th2 activate eosinophils and IgE production

34
Q

Negative selection

A

Strong binding to self antigen results in apoptosis

34
Q

Positive selection

A

Some ability to bind to self MHC

35
Q

What is AIRE

A

Autoimmune regulator
Presentation of extra-thymic tissue-specific antigens

36
Q

What are the 5 modes of peripheral tolerance

A

Ignorance
Anergy
Deletion
Tregs
Programmed cell death protein

37
Q

Ignorance

A

TCR and peptide-self MHC is to weak to cause mature T cell activation

38
Q

Anergy

A

Inactivation of T cell due to TCR binding without co-stimulation

39
Q

Deletion

A

T cells that recognise self antigen undergo apoptosis pathways (Fas/ mitochondrial)

40
Q

Programmed cell death protein

A

PD1 expressed strongly on chronically active T cells
Bind with PDL1,2 inhibits TCR and CD28 signals

40
Q

Tregs

A

CD4+ and CD25+ that express Foxp3 transcription factor
CTLA4 blocks and removes B7 on APCs
Release TGF B and IL10

41
Q

IL4

A

Isotope switching
Activate Th2
M2 activation

42
Q

IL2

A

T cell expansion

43
Q

IL5

A

Eosinophil activation

44
Q

IL12

A

Th1 activation

45
Q

IFN G

A

Th1 activation
Macrophage stimulation
Th2 inhibition

46
Q

TGF B

A

Inhibitory cytokine

47
Q

What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A

Hypotension causing reflex tachycardia, Bronchoconstriction, Angioedema

48
Q

How to treat bronchial asthma

A

Corticosteroids and terbutaline

49
Q

How to treat allergy diseases

A

Antihistamines

50
Q

B cell affinity maturation and isotype switching

A

Somatic hypermutation occurs due to activation-induced deaminase (AID)

BCRs bind with iccosome of follicular DC

Highest affinity BCR acquires the antigen and displays it on MHC 2 to Tfh

Tfh stimulates proliferation and blimp signal causes B cell to become plasma/memory b cell

Tfh releases IL4 for isotype switching to IgG/E

51
Q

IL10

A

Inhibitory cytokine

Hawk Tuah (12 decks)

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