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Hawk Tuah > General Pathology > Flashcards

General Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

State the types of necrosis.

A

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Fibrinoid
Gangrenous

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2
Q

What are the causes, features and examples of Coagulative necrosis?

A

Ischemia and infarction

Tissue architecture preserved
Affected area appears firm

Myocardial infarction

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3
Q

What are the causes, features and examples of Caseous necrosis?

A

Tb infections

Dead tissue appears soft and white “cheese like”

Granulomas in Tb

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4
Q

What are the causes, features and examples of Liquefactive necrosis?

A

Bacterial/ fungal infections
Ischemic brain injury

Tissue is soft and liquefied, forming pus due to neutrophil enzymes

Abscess in bacterial infections
Brain stroke

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4
Q

What are the causes, features and examples of Fat necrosis?

A

Trauma in fatty tissue
Pancreatic enzyme action

Fatty tissue breaks down into fatty acids which combine with calcium to form chalky deposits

Breast tissue trauma
Pancreatitis

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5
Q

What are some examples of stable tissues (moderate regenerative capability)?

A

Liver
Pancreas
Kidney
Smooth muscle

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6
Q

What are the causes, features and examples of Fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Immune reactions involving blood vessels

Bright pink necrotic tissue due to immune complexes and fibrin

Autoimmune diseases eg systemic lupus erythematous

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7
Q

What are the causes, features and examples of Gangrenous necrosis?

A

Severe ischemia
Bacterial infections

Dry = Ischemia
Wet = Superimposed infections
Gas = Clostridium perfringens

Diabetic foot ulcer (wet)

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8
Q

What are examples of continuously dividing tissue?

A

Bone marrow
Epithelium

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9
Q

What are some examples of permanent tissues with no regenerative ability?

A

Cardiomyocytes
Brain cells

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10
Q

What is the outline of scar formation?

A

Angiogenesis
Granulation tissue formation and remodelling by fibroblasts producing collagen and ECM proteins

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11
Q

How may chronic alcohol abuse lead to liver failure?

A

Chronic liver damage
Liver undergoes fibrosis many times
Formed bands constrict liver blood vessels
Portal hypertension and restricted blood flow
Liver function deterioration

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12
Q

How does myocardial infarction lead to cardiac aneurysm?

A

MI = death of cardiomyocytes
Replaced with fibrous tissue
unable to withstand high pressure
Overstretches and out pouches of the heart

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13
Q

How is a bone fracture healed by the body?

A

Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilagous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodelling

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14
Q

How does the brain repair its damage?

A

Damage cause liquefactive necrosis
Liquid filled cavities
Lack of regenerative capability and fibroblasts
Glial cells proliferate to fill the cavity

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15
Q

What is hypertrophy and give an example of disease causing hypertrophy.

A

Increase in cell size
Left ventricular hypertrophy due to increased blood pressure => MI

15
Q

What is hyperplasia and give an example of disease causing hyperplasia.

A

Increase in cell numbers
BPH =>urinary retention and kidney stones
Hyperthyroidism => excess toxic hormone production

15
Q

What is atrophy and give an example of disease causing atrophy.

A

Decrease in cell size
Renal artery stenosis => lack of blood flow to kidneys and impaired renal function

16
Q

What is hypoplasia and give an example of disease causing hypoplasia.

A

Decrease in cell numbers
Thymus hypoplasia => autoimmune diseases due to T cell
Bone marrow hypoplasia => anemia

17
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change in cell type

17
Q

What is squamous metaplasia and where can it be seen?

A

Columnar/Cuboidal => squamous
Chronic bronchitis

17
Q

Name 3 types of metaplasia.

A

Squamous metaplasia
Columnar metaplasia
Intestinal metaplasia

18
Q

What is columnar metaplasia and where can it be seen?

A

Squamous to columnar
Gastroeosophageal reflux disease

19
Q

What is intestinal metaplasia and where can it be seen?

A

Gastric epithelium => intestinal cells
Chronic gastritis

20
Q

Where can intestinal metaplasia and columnar metaplasia be seen?

A

H. Pylori infections

21
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Hot
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Hawk Tuah (12 decks)

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