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Hawk Tuah > Gram Pos > Flashcards

Gram Pos Flashcards

1
Q

How to differentiate Gram negative and positive?

A

Gram pos - purple stain
Gram neg - pink stain

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2
Q

How to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus?

A

Staph - clusters, catalase positive
Strep - chains, catalase negative

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3
Q

How to differentiate s. aureus from other staph?

A

Staph - coagulase positive

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3
Q

What is the most common causes of SSTIs

A

S. Aureus w wound and S. Pyogenes without wound

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3
Q

What infections do s. aureus cause

A

Boils
Impetigo
Septic arthritis
Cellulitis
Osteomyelitis
Pneumonia
Endocarditis

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3
Q

What are the exotoxins released by S.aureus

A

TSST-1
Epidermolytic toxins A&B
Preformed enterotoxins A-E

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4
Q

What does TSST-1 cause?

A

TSS

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4
Q

What do Epidermolytic toxins A&B cause?

A

Scalded skin syndrome

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4
Q

What do Preformed enterotoxins A-E cause?

A

Food poisoning

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4
Q

What to do when patient suffers from CNS catheter related bacteraemia?

A

Treat with antibiotics as the infection is less severe than s.aureus and removing and replacing of the line can cause trauma for the patient

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4
Q

What to do when patient suffers from s.aureus catheter related bacteraemia?

A

Remove the line
Treat with appropriate antibiotics

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5
Q

How to treat MRSA

A

Vancomycin

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5
Q

How to treat MSSA

A

Penicillin (Cloxacillin)
Erythromycin if penicillin allergy

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5
Q

What infections are strep pyogenes the common cause of?

A

Pharyngitis
Impetigo
Cellulitis

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6
Q

How to treat VRSA and VRE

A

Linezolid

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7
Q

What are the toxin mediated infections due to S. pyogenes?

A

TSS
Scarlet fever
Necrotising fasciitis

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7
Q

What causes scarlet fever?

A

Erythrogenic toxins from pharyngitis S.pyogenes.

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7
Q

How do you treat necrotising fasciitis?

A

Debridement
IV Benzylpenicillin, IVIg and Clindamycin

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7
Q

What are the immune-mediated post infection sequelae caused by S.pyogenes?

A

Acute Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulonepheritis

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7
Q

How does rheumatic fever come about?

A

M protein of S. pyogenes molecular mimicry of myosin
Causes antibodies to cross-react with self antigens and attack the heart

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7
Q

How do you diagnose immune mediated post-infection sequelae caused by S. pyogenes?

A

Anti-streptolysin O titre

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7
Q

How do you diagnose acute rheumatic fever?

A

JONES criteria
Joints
Carditis
Nodules
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea

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8
Q

Where is S. aureus found?

A

Anterior nares 30%

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8
Q

What infections are s.pneumoniae the common cause of?

A

Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

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8
Q

Antibiotics for common strep infections?

A

Penicillins or amoxicillins

8
Q

How do you treat meningitis due to S. pneumoniae?

A

Ceftriaxone and vancomycin

8
Q

How to diagnose S.pneumoniae?

A

Meningitis - CSF culture
Pneumonia - sputum culture
General - Blood culture or urine antigen detection

9
Q

What are some risk factors of S. pneumoniae?

A

Age
Crowding
Alcohol
Capsule types
Asplenic

10
Q

PPSV23 should be used for what age group?

A

Elderly

10
Q

PCV10/13 should be used for which age group?

A

Babies

10
Q

Where is S. Agalactiae found?

A

Normal flora of GIT
Vaginal in 30% of women 30% of the time

10
Q

What does S. agalactiae cause in adults? What increases the risk of contracting it?

A

Meningitis, Arthritis and Sepsis
Raw freshwater fish and co-morbidities

11
Q

What does S. agalactiae cause in babies and how do you prevent it?

A

Neonatal sepsis
Prophylactic penicillin given to mother before birth

12
Q

What are the infections caused by S. bovis?

A

Hepatobillary infections
Bovis in the blood causes colon cancer
Endocartitis

12
Q

What are enterococcus associated with?

A

UTI and billary infections (nosocomial)

12
Q

What are viridian associated with?

A

Dental procedures

12
Q

What are viridians the most common cause of?

A

Subacute endocarditis of heart valves with previous damage

12
Q

List aerobic gram pos rods

A

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
Listeria Monocytogenes
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus anthracis

12
Q

What does Corynebacterium Diphtheriae cause and what are the clinical presentations?

A

Diphtheria
Bull neck and greyish white pseudomembrane on tonsils

13
Q

How is diphtheria treated and prevented?

A

Antitoxin and Penicillin
Prevented with toxoid vax

14
Q

Where is Listeria Monocytogenes found?

A

Salad leaves, soft cheese and deli meats

14
Q

What does Listeria Monocytogenes cause and what is the treatment?

A

Gastroenteritis and meningitis in immunocompromised
Ampicillin

14
Q

List anaerobic gram pos rods

A

Clostridium Botunilum
Clostridium Tetani
Clostridium Perfringens
Clostridium Difficile

15
Q

What is bacillus cereus associated with and what does it cause?

A

Fried rice food poisoning
Fast onset vomitting
Slow onset diarrhoea

15
Q

What does bacillus anthracis cause and what are the clinical presentations?

A

Anthrax which can become pulmonary anthrax
Black lesions

16
Q

What does C. botulinum cause?

A

Blocks ACh release => flaccid paralysis
Drooping eyelids/ floppy baby syndrome

16
Q

What does C. Tetani cause

A

Blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release @LMN => spastic paralysis

16
Q

What does C. perrfringens cause and how to treat it?

A

Gas gangrene due to alpha toxin
Debridement, IV benzylpenicillin, clindamycin

16
Q

What does C.difficile cause and how to treat it?

A

CDAD due to antibiotic administration which reduces competitive normal flora
Stop antibiotics, oral vancomycin

17
Q

What is the most common cause of necrotising fasciitis?

A
  1. S.pyogenes
  2. S.aureus
18
Q

What organism causes wet gangrene diabetic foot ulcer?

A

Anaerobes

19
Q

What is the most common cause of pharyngitis?

A

Viral and s.pyogenes (33%)

19
Q

Which organisms are the top culprits of meningitis?

A

S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis

20
Q

How do you treat strep throat?

A

Oral penicillin v

20
Q

What organisms are the most common cause of otitis media?

A
  1. S.pyogenes
  2. H. influenzae
21
Q

What is the number 1 cause of pneumonia?

A

S. Pneumoniae

22
Q

What organisms are the likely culprits of nosocomial pneumonia?

A

S. aureus
Legionella
PAE

22
Q

What is the common cause of diarrhoea in children?

A

Rotovirus

22
Q

What is the common cause of vomitting not associated with anything?

A

Norovirus

23
Q

What is the common cause of seafood related diarrhoea?

A

V. parahaemolyticus

24
Q

What are the organisms that normally cause conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus, S. pneumoniae and H.influenzae

25
Q

What organisms show draughtsman colonies?

A

S. pneumoniae

Hawk Tuah (12 decks)

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