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Hawk Tuah > Gram Negs > Flashcards

Gram Negs Flashcards

1
Q

Which organism causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

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2
Q

Do N. Gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis have polysaccharide capsules?

A

Only n. meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule

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3
Q

Do N. Gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis have vaccines?

A

N. meningitidis has vaccines
Polysaccharide for short term protections
Conjugated for long term and infants

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4
Q

How is N. Gonorrhoeae transmitted?

A

Sexually or perinatally

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5
Q

How is N. meningitidis transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets/ close contact

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6
Q

What are the complications of N. gonorrhoeae?

A

Urethritis in males
Cervicitis & Pelvic inflammatory disease in females
Septic arthritis
Conjunctivitis
Proctitis
Disseminated Gonoccocal infection

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6
Q

How to diagnose n.gonorrhoeae?

A

PCR of urine samples
Gram stains (males)
Chocolate agar culture

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7
Q

How to prevent gonorrhoea?

A

Condoms

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8
Q

How to treat gonorrhoea?

A

IM ceftriaxone and PO azithromycin

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8
Q

How to diagnose N. meningitidis?

A

Blood / Chocolate agar culture
PCR

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9
Q

What are the complications of n.meningitidis?

A

Meningitis
Meningococcemia (non-blanching rash)

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10
Q

What is the empirical treatment for meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone and vancomycin

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11
Q

How to prevent spread of n.meningitidis?

A

Ceftriaxone in close contacts

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12
Q

What are the clinical presentations of e.coli?

A

Diarrhoea
UTI (more common in females)
Neonatal sepsis and meningitis
Gut related sepsis (biliary obstruction or epithelium damage)

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13
Q

Which strains of e. coli are pathogenic?

A

EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EAEC

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14
Q

What is the serotype for EHEC?

A

O157:H7

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15
Q

What does EHEC produce and what does it cause?

A

Shiga toxin
Causes bloody diarrhoea and Haemolytic uraemia syndrome which causes renal failure

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16
Q

What is ETEC the leading cause of?

A

Bacterial diarrhoea (travellers diarrhoea)

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17
Q

List the commonest causes of UTI.

A
  1. E.coli
  2. Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococcus
  3. Pseudomona (nosocomial)
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of salmonella species?

A

Typhi / paratyphi a,b,c
Enteritidis

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18
Q

Which salmonella species causes typhoid fever?

A

Typhi and paratyphi a,b,c

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19
Q

What are sources of P. aeruginosa?

A

Water bodies

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20
Q

How is S. typhi transmitted?

A

Human-human
Contaminated food and water

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21
Q

How to diagnose S. typhi?

A

Blood culture

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21
What does S. enteritidis cause
Food poisoning Acute gastroenteritis Bacteremia in immunocompromised
22
What are common sources of S. enteritidis?
Eggs and poultry
22
What kind of a pathogen is P . aeruginosa?
Opportunistic and nosocomial
23
How do you treat for P. aeruginosa infections?
Carbapenems & fluoroquinones
24
What are the clinical features of P. aeruginosa?
Septicaemia UTI SSTI Pneumonia Keratitis (contact lens)
25
What is the toxin produced by V. cholerae and how does it exert its effect?
Cholera toxin 'A' unit inhibits Na+ and HCO3- uptake and causes hyper secretion of Cl- and HCO3- by epithelial cells, causing extreme water loss 'B' unit binds and is immunogenic
26
What are the clinical presentations of V. cholerae?
Rice water stool and vomitting
27
How is cholera transmitted?
Faecal oral transmission
28
What is the treatment and prevention of cholera?
Oral rehydration solution and oral doxycycline Live and activated vax
28
Which serotypes of V. cholera carry the cholera toxin?
O1 and O139
29
What vibrio are a/w seawater and raw seafood?
V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus
29
Is capsulated or encapsulated haemophilus influenza invasive?
Both are invasive
30
What does V. vulnificus cause?
Necrotising fasciitis and septicaemia
31
What does V. parahaemolyticus cause?
Gastroenteritis and SSTI
32
How to treat haemophilus influenzae?
Co-amoxiclav due to presence of B-lactamase
32
How do you diagnose Haemophilus influenza?
Chocolate agar culture
32
What is the vaccine for haemophilus influenza?
Hib vax
33
What are the clinical presentations of haemophilus influenza?
Arthritis Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Sinusitis
34
Which organism cause pertussis?
Bordetella pertussis
35
What is the strategy for pertussis vax?
Pregnant women and close family
36
How do you diagnose pertussis?
PCR Mercury droplets colonies on culture
37
What complications do H. pylori cause?
Gastritis causing Peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, gastric MALT lymphoma
37
How is helicobacter pylori transmitted?
Faecal oral route
38
What does H. pylori produce?
Urease which neutralises stomach acid
39
What is the treatment for H. pylori?
3x therapy Clarithromycin Amoxicillin Omeprazole for clarithromycin resistance: Metronidazole Amoxicillin Omeprazole
40
How do you diagnose H. pylori?
Invasive: Gastroscopy /rapid urease test Non-invasive: Urea breath test/ stool antigen test
41
What are the sources of Campylobacter jejuni?
Poultry and eggs
42
How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted?
Faecal oral route
43
What are the post infectious complications of campylobacter jejuni?
Guillian-barre syndrome reactive arthritis Both due to molecular mimicry
43
What are the clinical presentations of campylobacter jejuni?
Fever Abdominal pain Bloody diarrhoea
44
How do you diagnose campylobacter jejuni?
Stool culture
45
What organism causes syphillis?
Treponema pallidum
46
What is the treatment for syphillis?
Penicillin G
47
What entails primary syphillis?
Painless chancre (genital ulcers)
47
How is treponema palladium detected?
Early lesions Antibody tests
48
What entails secondary syphillis?
Scaly rash on palms and soles, lymphadenopathy
49
What entails congenital syphillis?
Keratitis, deafness and Hutchinson's teeth
50
What entails tertiary syphillis?
Gummatous
50
What entails quaternary syphillis
CVS: myocardial infarction, angina, aneurysm Neuro: menginovascular syphilis, tables dorsales
51
What organisms are mainly responsible for water related necrotising fasciitis?
V. vulnifuculus and aeromona
52
What organisms are mainly responsible for water related SSTIs?
V. aeromonas, PAE, S.aureus and S.pyogenes
52
What organisms are mainly responsible for meningitis in elderly and infants?
SPN, N.meningitidis H.influenzae
53
Patient presents with purulent urethral discharge. What is the causative organism?
N. gonorrhoeae
53
What organisms are mainly responsible for meningitis in neonates and what is the treatment?
E.coli, S. agalctiae and Listeria Ceftriaxone, gentamicin and ampicillin
53
What is the commonest cause of bloody diarrhoea?
EHEC
54
What organisms cause neonatal conjunctivitis?
Day 1-3: N . gonorrhoeae Day 3-10: C. Trachomatis
55
What is the treatment for uncomplicated UTI?
Co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin
56
What is the treatment for complicated UTI?
Ciprofloxacin and co-amoxiclav

Hawk Tuah (12 decks)

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