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Hawk Tuah > Gram Negs > Flashcards

Gram Negs Flashcards

1
Q

Which organism causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

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2
Q

Do N. Gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis have polysaccharide capsules?

A

Only n. meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule

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3
Q

Do N. Gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis have vaccines?

A

N. meningitidis has vaccines
Polysaccharide for short term protections
Conjugated for long term and infants

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4
Q

How is N. Gonorrhoeae transmitted?

A

Sexually or perinatally

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5
Q

How is N. meningitidis transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets/ close contact

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6
Q

What are the complications of N. gonorrhoeae?

A

Urethritis in males
Cervicitis & Pelvic inflammatory disease in females
Septic arthritis
Conjunctivitis
Proctitis
Disseminated Gonoccocal infection

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6
Q

How to diagnose n.gonorrhoeae?

A

PCR of urine samples
Gram stains (males)
Chocolate agar culture

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7
Q

How to prevent gonorrhoea?

A

Condoms

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8
Q

How to treat gonorrhoea?

A

IM ceftriaxone and PO azithromycin

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8
Q

How to diagnose N. meningitidis?

A

Blood / Chocolate agar culture
PCR

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9
Q

What are the complications of n.meningitidis?

A

Meningitis
Meningococcemia (non-blanching rash)

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10
Q

What is the empirical treatment for meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone and vancomycin

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11
Q

How to prevent spread of n.meningitidis?

A

Ceftriaxone in close contacts

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12
Q

What are the clinical presentations of e.coli?

A

Diarrhoea
UTI (more common in females)
Neonatal sepsis and meningitis
Gut related sepsis (biliary obstruction or epithelium damage)

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13
Q

Which strains of e. coli are pathogenic?

A

EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EAEC

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14
Q

What is the serotype for EHEC?

A

O157:H7

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15
Q

What does EHEC produce and what does it cause?

A

Shiga toxin
Causes bloody diarrhoea and Haemolytic uraemia syndrome which causes renal failure

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16
Q

What is ETEC the leading cause of?

A

Bacterial diarrhoea (travellers diarrhoea)

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17
Q

List the commonest causes of UTI.

A
  1. E.coli
  2. Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococcus
  3. Pseudomona (nosocomial)
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of salmonella species?

A

Typhi / paratyphi a,b,c
Enteritidis

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18
Q

Which salmonella species causes typhoid fever?

A

Typhi and paratyphi a,b,c

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19
Q

What are sources of P. aeruginosa?

A

Water bodies

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20
Q

How is S. typhi transmitted?

A

Human-human
Contaminated food and water

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21
Q

How to diagnose S. typhi?

A

Blood culture

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21
Q

What does S. enteritidis cause

A

Food poisoning
Acute gastroenteritis
Bacteremia in immunocompromised

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22
Q

What are common sources of S. enteritidis?

A

Eggs and poultry

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22
Q

What kind of a pathogen is P . aeruginosa?

A

Opportunistic and nosocomial

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23
Q

How do you treat for P. aeruginosa infections?

A

Carbapenems & fluoroquinones

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24
Q

What are the clinical features of P. aeruginosa?

A

Septicaemia
UTI
SSTI
Pneumonia
Keratitis (contact lens)

25
Q

What is the toxin produced by V. cholerae and how does it exert its effect?

A

Cholera toxin
‘A’ unit inhibits Na+ and HCO3- uptake and causes hyper secretion of Cl- and HCO3- by epithelial cells, causing extreme water loss
‘B’ unit binds and is immunogenic

26
Q

What are the clinical presentations of V. cholerae?

A

Rice water stool and vomitting

27
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

Faecal oral transmission

28
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of cholera?

A

Oral rehydration solution and oral doxycycline
Live and activated vax

28
Q

Which serotypes of V. cholera carry the cholera toxin?

A

O1 and O139

29
Q

What vibrio are a/w seawater and raw seafood?

A

V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus

29
Q

Is capsulated or encapsulated haemophilus influenza invasive?

A

Both are invasive

30
Q

What does V. vulnificus cause?

A

Necrotising fasciitis and septicaemia

31
Q

What does V. parahaemolyticus cause?

A

Gastroenteritis and SSTI

32
Q

How to treat haemophilus influenzae?

A

Co-amoxiclav due to presence of B-lactamase

32
Q

How do you diagnose Haemophilus influenza?

A

Chocolate agar culture

32
Q

What is the vaccine for haemophilus influenza?

A

Hib vax

33
Q

What are the clinical presentations of haemophilus influenza?

A

Arthritis
Epiglottitis
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

34
Q

Which organism cause pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis

35
Q

What is the strategy for pertussis vax?

A

Pregnant women and close family

36
Q

How do you diagnose pertussis?

A

PCR
Mercury droplets colonies on culture

37
Q

What complications do H. pylori cause?

A

Gastritis causing
Peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, gastric MALT lymphoma

37
Q

How is helicobacter pylori transmitted?

A

Faecal oral route

38
Q

What does H. pylori produce?

A

Urease which neutralises stomach acid

39
Q

What is the treatment for H. pylori?

A

3x therapy
Clarithromycin
Amoxicillin
Omeprazole

for clarithromycin resistance:
Metronidazole
Amoxicillin
Omeprazole

40
Q

How do you diagnose H. pylori?

A

Invasive: Gastroscopy /rapid urease test
Non-invasive: Urea breath test/ stool antigen test

41
Q

What are the sources of Campylobacter jejuni?

A

Poultry and eggs

42
Q

How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted?

A

Faecal oral route

43
Q

What are the post infectious complications of campylobacter jejuni?

A

Guillian-barre syndrome
reactive arthritis
Both due to molecular mimicry

43
Q

What are the clinical presentations of campylobacter jejuni?

A

Fever
Abdominal pain
Bloody diarrhoea

44
Q

How do you diagnose campylobacter jejuni?

A

Stool culture

45
Q

What organism causes syphillis?

A

Treponema pallidum

46
Q

What is the treatment for syphillis?

A

Penicillin G

47
Q

What entails primary syphillis?

A

Painless chancre (genital ulcers)

47
Q

How is treponema palladium detected?

A

Early lesions
Antibody tests

48
Q

What entails secondary syphillis?

A

Scaly rash on palms and soles, lymphadenopathy

49
Q

What entails congenital syphillis?

A

Keratitis, deafness and Hutchinson’s teeth

50
Q

What entails tertiary syphillis?

A

Gummatous

50
Q

What entails quaternary syphillis

A

CVS: myocardial infarction, angina, aneurysm
Neuro: menginovascular syphilis, tables dorsales

51
Q

What organisms are mainly responsible for water related necrotising fasciitis?

A

V. vulnifuculus and aeromona

52
Q

What organisms are mainly responsible for water related SSTIs?

A

V. aeromonas, PAE, S.aureus and S.pyogenes

52
Q

What organisms are mainly responsible for meningitis in elderly and infants?

A

SPN, N.meningitidis
H.influenzae

53
Q

Patient presents with purulent urethral discharge. What is the causative organism?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

53
Q

What organisms are mainly responsible for meningitis in neonates and what is the treatment?

A

E.coli, S. agalctiae and Listeria
Ceftriaxone, gentamicin and ampicillin

53
Q

What is the commonest cause of bloody diarrhoea?

A

EHEC

54
Q

What organisms cause neonatal conjunctivitis?

A

Day 1-3: N . gonorrhoeae
Day 3-10: C. Trachomatis

55
Q

What is the treatment for uncomplicated UTI?

A

Co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin

56
Q

What is the treatment for complicated UTI?

A

Ciprofloxacin and co-amoxiclav

Hawk Tuah (12 decks)

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