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GSSE > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

8682 – Concerning the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
1: class I MHC molecules include complement components
2: class II MHC products are transmembrane heterodimers
3: class II MHC molecules are normally expressed on all cells in the body
4: class III products include heat shock proteins

A

FTFT
Roitt Essential Immunology, 9th ed, Ch 4
3: MHC II has more limited distribution than class I

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2
Q

25412 – Regarding the major histocompatibility complex
1: the genes are found within the cell cytoplasm as nucleosomes
2: there are 3 classes of antigens (MHC I, II & III)
3: the genes show co-dominant expression
4: beta-2 microglobulin is part of the MHC class II complex

A

FTTF
Roitt 9th ed. Pages: 72-77.

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3
Q

14716 – The genes for the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
1: include some genes which are invariant in structure
2: are usually grouped into three classes
3: are found on chromosome 7 in humans
4: may be switched off by cyclosporin A

A

TTFF
Refer to Roitt, 9th Ed, Part 4, 6, page 71-72, 365

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4
Q

25442 – Regarding the Class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex
1: their tissue distribution is normally more limited than that of the Class I antigens
2: tissue typing for Class II antigens may be carried out by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
3: the expression of Class II antigens can be increased by a variety of stimuli
4: they are exemplified by HLA-DP, DQ and DR antigens

A

TTTT
Roitt 8th ed. PAGE: 72; 77; 345

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5
Q

15152 – Regarding the Class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex
1: HLA-DR antigens are normally expressed on all circulating human lymphocytes
2: Class II antigens are associated on the cell surface with beta-2 microglobulin
3: HLA-A and HLA-B are categorised as Class II antigens
4: the tissue distribution of Class II antigens is more limited than that of Class I antigens

A

FFFT
Refer to Roitt, 9th Ed, page 71-79

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6
Q

25304 – The constant region of an antibody heavy chain
1: determines the idiotype of the antibody
2: determines the avidity of antigen binding
3: determines the half-life
4: determines the ability of the antibody to cross the placenta

A

FFTT
Roitt 8th ed. Pages: 49-51, 54

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7
Q

14706 – A typical immunoglobulin molecule
1: is able to bind to only one antigen via its Fc fragment
2: contains both intrachain and interchain disulphide bonds
3: consists of a number of domains with a helical secondary structure
4: consists of equal numbers of heavy and light chains

A

FTFT
Refer to Roitt, 9th Ed, Part 2, page 44 and following

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8
Q

25299 – Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are
1: capable of killing virus infected cells
2: characterised by the CD8 surface marker
3: less susceptible to HIV infection than T4 (CD4) positive cells
4: unable to recognise antigen associated with class II MHC

A

TTTT
Roitt 9th ed. Page: 188-189 Robbins 5th ed. Page: 222

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9
Q

25976 – Resting, mature human T lymphocytes express
1: the CD3 molecule on their surface
2: MHC Class I on their surface
3: Epstein Barr virus receptors
4: MHC Class II on their surface

A

TTFF
Roitt 9th Edition Pages: 151-152; 163-165

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10
Q

25283 – Activation of B lymphocytes by thymus-dependent antigens requires all of the following EXCEPT
A. T cells expressing CD8 surface marker
B. T cells expressing CD3 surface marker
C. processing of antigen and presentation of antigenic peptides bound to MHC class II antigens
D. T cells expressing T cell receptors
E. costimulation through CD40L/CD40 interactions

A

A
Roitt 9th ed. Pages: 177-178

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11
Q

25309 – T lymphocytes are characterised by
1: the ability to differentiate into plasma cells
2: surface CD3 molecules
3: surface Epstein Barr Virus receptors
4: maturation in the thymus during early development

A

FTFT
Essential Immunology 8th ed. Pages: 169; 33; 35

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12
Q

25294 – During the maturation of T lymphocytes in the thymus
1: rearrangement of T cell receptor genes takes place
2: some cells express the CD4 and CD8 surface markers at the same time
3: clones of cells which are self-reactive are eliminated or inactivated
4: active proliferation of immature T cells takes place

A

TTTT
Roitt 9th ed. Page: 229-231

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13
Q

25395 – In primary T cell immunodeficiency (Di George syndrome)
A. affected infants have prominent lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes
B. there is commonly an association with hypothyroidism
C. common bacterial infections are often fatal
D. the paracortex of the lymph node is often expanded
E. partial Di George syndrome is more common than the complete syndrome

A

E
Roitt 8th ed. PAGE: 299-300

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14
Q

8677 – Type I (anaphylactic) hypersensitivity is associated with
1: degranulation of mast cells
2: positive “wheal and flare” reaction to intradermal antigen
3: complement activation
4: raised serum IgE

A

TTFT
Roitt, 9th ed, Ch 16

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15
Q

25380 – The deleterious effects of immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity can be attributed to
1: release of vasoactive amines
2: interaction between IgE and antigen
3: acute inflammation
4: platelet aggregation

A

TFTT
Roitt 8th ed. Page: 326, 313
aka type 3 hypersensitivity

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16
Q

15248 – Hyperacute rejection of renal grafts is typically due to
A. cytotoxic T cells
B. immunological enhancement
C. humoral antibodies
D. blood borne infection
E. delayed type hypersensitivity

A

C
Refer to Roitt, 9th Ed, page 377

17
Q

25432 – In organ transplantation, antigens likely to cause a strong rejection reaction if mismatched include
1: HLA-DR antigens
2: HLA Class III antigens
3: ABO blood group antigens
4: rhesus blood group antigens

A

TFTF
Roitt 9th ed. Page: 359-363

18
Q

13427 – S: Among the immunoglobulins only IgA and IgM characteristically include J chains because R: J chains are found in those immunoglobulins which exist in the monomeric form

A

S is true and R is false
The J chain in the immunoglobulin molecule binds together two or more immunoglobulin monomers, and is found only in those immunoglobulin molecules that exist in polymeric form (R false). These are IgA, a dimer in external secretions and IgM, usually a pentamer (S true).

19
Q

8672 – Secretory component is added to IgA dimers within
1: colonic epithelium
2: plasma cells
3: B lymphocytes
4: bronchial epithelium

A

TFFT
Roitt, 9th ed, Ch 3

20
Q

25334 – Genes which are important in determining the molecular structure of antibodies include
1: V genes
2: D genes
3: C genes
4: J genes

A

TTTT
Roitt 8th ed. Page: 47

21
Q

8667 – In a primary immune response, B lymphocyte activation and clonal expansion is usually dependent on
1: processing of antigen by antigen presenting cells
2: expression of surface Ig on the B cell membrane
3: increased expression of MHC Class II on the B cell surface
4: co-recognition of antigen by a T-helper cell

A

TTTT
Roitt Essential Immunology, 9th ed, Ch 9

22
Q

25401 – Recognised immunological reactions to drugs include
1: IgE mediated hypersensitivity
2: immune complex disease
3: delayed type hypersensitivity
4: auto-immune reactions

A

TTTT
Robbins 4th ed. Page: 176, 179, 182, 191

23
Q

14711 – A well-matched thymus transplant could be expected to correct the immunodeficiency in
1: a severe radiation accident
2: severe combined immunodeficiency (Swiss type)
3: Di George syndrome
4: dysgammaglobulinaemia

A

FFTF
Refer to Roitt, 9th Ed, page 315-316

24
Q

25437 – Regarding the HLA haplotype
1: it refers to the HLA antigens on one chromosome
2: a parent will characteristically have one haplotype in common with each child
3: the genotype comprises 2 haplotypes
4: full siblings have a 1:4 chance of being haplo-identical

A

TTTT
Roitt 7th Edition PAGE 284-285

25
Q

25453 – Routine HLA typing utilises
1: complement dependent cytotoxicity
2: dye uptake as an indication of cell death
3: mixed lymphocyte reaction
4: polymerase chain reaction

A

TTTT
Roitt 8th ed. PAGE: 282-285

26
Q

25417 – Which of the following cells carry HLA-A and HLA-B antigens?
1: B lymphocytes
2: neutrophil leucocytes
3: T lymphocytes
4: macrophages

A

TTTT
Roitt Essential Immunology 9th ed. Page: 77

27
Q

25464 – Class II HLA antigens are
1: made up of one alpha chain and one molecule of beta-2-microglobulin
2: closely associated with the CD3 molecule on resting T lymphocytes
3: normally found on all nucleated cells in the body
4: important in the presentation of antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes

A

FFFT
Roitt 9th ed. Pages: 71-79

28
Q

14701 – The CD3 (T3) molecule on human lymphocytes is
1: expressed by all T lymphocytes
2: common to all blood leucocytes
3: associated with the T cell receptor for antigen
4: a Class 1 antigen of the major histocompatibility complex

A

TFTF
Refer to Roitt, 9th Ed, Part 4, page 152, 168

29
Q

15533 – Which of the following pairs is/are very likely (more than 95%) to have one HLA haplotype in common
1: grandmother and grandson
2: brother and sister
3: first cousins
4: father and son

A

FFFT
Refer to Roitt, 9th Ed, page 262
2: 75%

30
Q

9040 – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
1: may cause a latent infection lasting many years
2: is easily transmitted by casual personal contact
3: infects cells which express CD8
4: has a genome consisting of a single strand of DNA

A

TFFF
Robbins, 6th ed, Ch 7

31
Q

14803 – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
1: is a DNA-containing virus
2: consists of at least 2 strains
3: shows tropism for CD8-bearing cells
4: is readily transmissible by casual non-sexual contact

A

FTFF
Refer to Robbins, 6th Ed, Ch 7, page 238-239

32
Q

8712 – Compared to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus is more
1: resistant to environmental inactivation
2: likely to undergo genetic change
3: likely to cause immunosuppression
4: easily controlled by vaccination

A

TFFT
Robbins, 6th ed, Ch 19; Smith & Payne, Integrated Basic Surgical Sciences, Ch 37.2

33
Q

25406 – Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterised by
A. an early acute viral infection
B. an early drop in CD8 positive T lymphocytes
C. a positive Mantoux test throughout the illness
D. circulating viral DNA in the peripheral blood
E. depressed serum immunoglobulin levels

A

A
Roitt 8th ed. Pages: 310-311; 308

34
Q

25365 – The immune response leading to recovery from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1: is characterised by large amounts of antibody production
2: involves activation of macrophages
3: characteristically involves the formation of granulation tissue
4: involves production of interferon gamma by T lymphocytes

A

FTFT
Roitt 9th ed. Pages: 269-271

35
Q

25385 – Immune complexes are frequently responsible for
1: acute vasculitis
2: renal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus
3: farmer’s lung
4: serum sickness

A

TTTT
Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 5th ed. Pages: 184; 202

36
Q

16947 – RNA oncogenic viruses
1: are causally involved in the genesis of many human cancers
2: can convert normal host cell proto-oncogenes into oncogenes (c-oncogenes)
3: form templates for DNA transcription within the host cell
4: usually splice directly into host genome before activation

A

FTTF
Only human T cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) which is, like HIV, strongly tropic for T4/TH cells, has been implicated in causing human cancer, although there are heaps of animal counterparts. They act as oncogenic viruses by incorporating a copy DNA (ie. mirror image of virus RNA structure [response 3, but not 4]) into host genome. They can (indirectly) then activate host proto-oncogenes => c-oncogenes or possibly splice in a DNA copy identical to a host proto-oncogene into the wrong place where it acts as a c-oncogene (eg too near an ‘activator’ gene or too distant from a ‘controller/suppressor’ gene).

37
Q

15955 – Defence mechanisms primarily responsible for curing a primary viral infection include
1: Tc lymphocyte destruction of infected host cells
2: NK lymphocyte destruction of infected host cells
3: TH1 cell lymphokine production
4: IgG or IgM mediated inactivation of free virus

A

TTTT
Refer Really Essential Medical Immunology, Roitt & Rabson pp99-103, particularly summary on p103.
NK lymphocytes are the first innate cellular defence in viral infection. Activated (ie specifically APCcell primed by the Ag epitope-MHC-I presentation and TH help) Tc cells are the ‘rooters out’ of the virus within infected cells. Both kill the infected host cell. Ig (any) inactivates free virus or virions liberated by cell lysis. (Interferon helps prevent new cell infection etc). Monocyte activation (by TH1 lymphocytes) is probably not primal in defence but probably carries out eventual viral/Ig complex
degradation.

38
Q

25469 – An increase in serum levels of a single homogeneous immunoglobulin or its fragments (paraproteinaemia) is commonly associated with
1: Hodgkin’s lymphoma
2: Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia
3: multiple myeloma
4: AA type amyloidosis

A

FTTF
Robbins 5th ed. Pages: 662-663

39
Q

21793 – In viral infection, immunoglobulins
1: induce the characteristic symptoms of the disease by reacting with the virus
2: may prevent entry of virus through mucous membranes
3: facilitate viral uncoating thus rendering them susceptible to inactivation
4: inactivate viruses circulating in the bloodstream

A

FTFT
Robbins 6th ed. Chapter: 9 Page: 340-341

GSSE (36 decks)

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