immunology Flashcards
is the immune system big - explain
enormous
scattered throughout the body
connected by blood and lymph
not localized, very diffuse
describe the immune systems role in protection
protects whole body at all times
must reach all parts of body at the same time
what does immune system protect against
pathogens - bacteria, viruses, parasites
altered body cells - cancer
what happen when immune system turns on us
autoimmune disorders - own immune system sees you as foreign
foreign tissues: transplant or graft - immunosuppressant stops rejection
name the 2 prongs of immune system
non specific/innate immunity
specific/adaptive immunity
born with both
describe briefly innate/nonspecific immunity
first line of defence
does not need to recognize pathogen - nonspecific
same response each time it sees a pathogen
describe briefly specific/adaptive immunity
requires recognition of the pathogen
faster response when it sees the same pathogen again
describe the 3 mains way things are discovered in science
accidents of nature - like a stroke - reveals that stroke effects speech
leaps of faith - make observation and test
serendipity - happy accidents
name and describe something that was discovered by serendipity
Penicillin
fungus on plates
no other bacteria can grow there - discovered first antibiotic
name and describe something that was discovered by accidents of nature
SCID
lack of formation of immune system
david vetter
missing a specific cytokine important for different immune cells
injected with bone marrow from sister - but she had mononucleosis (epstein barr virus) and david died
describe aids (discovery)
80s in young men
HIV kills T helper cells
which are important in adaptive immune response
name and describe something that was discovered by leap of faith
smallpox vaccination
1796 - edward jenner
saw milkmaids had pox on hands but dont get small pox
they contracted cow pox
took puss of pox and injected into son and he did well
this caught on and people were doing this - saves lives
describe smallpox
dreadful infectious disease- killed over 300 million people and lasted for 3000 years and killed 30% of those who had it
is small pox still an issue
no
last man who had it in world = 1977 ali maow maalin - survived with treatment
2 other cases = accidental lab exposure - 1978 - one died
Eradicated in 1980
why is immunization called vaccination
Because smallpox virus = vaccinia virus - vaccine comes from cow pox
what are the 3 main components of immune system
lymphoid organs
immune cells - leukocytes
Secretions of immune cells - cytokines
describe types of lymphoid organs
primary lymphoid organs - sites where stem cells divide and immune cells develop
secondary lymphoid organs - sites where most immune responses occur
name types of sites of primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow (yolk sac and fetal liver in embryo)
thymus
describe bone marrow (primary lymphoid organs)
fetal liver in embryo - site of hematopoiesis
blood cells produced here - B cells and immature T cells
site where B cells mature
describe thymus (primary lymphoid organs)
located above heart
contains T cells, scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells and macrophages
site where T cells mature
atrophies after maturity (small in old people)
name the 3 secondary lymphoid organs
lymph nodes - main site
spleen
lymphoid nodules
describe lymph nodes (secondary lymphoid organs)
scattered in body ~ 600 of them
biggest ` 1cm in size
filter microbes - filters and traps
macrophages in nodes phagocytize microbes that enter lymph
site where immune reponse occurs - carry back and fight in lymph nodes
describe spleen (secondary lymphoid organs)
largest lymphoid organ
removes microbes and old erythrocytes
describe lymphoid nodules (secondary lymphoid organs)
tonsils & adenoids at back of throat - help protect respiratory tract
peyers patches (in gut) and MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues - at every place that contacts external environment)
appendix - part of SI