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ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what does ans control

A

visceral organs
internal organs - relates to heart rate, contraction of muscle in digestive tract, regulates breathing, diameter of blood vessels
monitors inside and feeds into cns

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2
Q

what is ans

A

sensory motor system
senses what goes on inside body
monitor internal body state and relay info to cns
has output system that uses info to regulate internal organs

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3
Q

what is ans concerned with

A

homeostasis = maintenance of stable internal environment in face of changing external conditions

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4
Q

name 3 divisions of ans

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

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5
Q

what do divisions of ans innervate

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate cardiac and smooth muscle and glandular tissue
enteric system controls digestive tarct

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6
Q

describe ans systems

A

sympathetic = arousal system, heart beat harder, breathing shallower and faster, pupils dilate, palms sweat
parasymapthetic = slows heart, contractions in digestive tract, breathing slow and deep, constricts pupil
complementary antagonistic functions in body = work to maintain homeostasis and balance between systems

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7
Q

what effects do parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have on target tissues

A

opposite effects

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8
Q

describe sympathetic system

A

emergency fight or flight reactions

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9
Q

describe parasympathetic system

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

is only sympathetic or parasympathetic working at a time

A

both active all the time and work together to regulate internal organs and maintain them within a normal physiological range
in certain circumstances one is more active than other

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11
Q

where do axons of sympathetic preganlionic neurons emerge from

A

ventral roots of thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord along with axons of motor neurons

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12
Q

where do postganglionic neurons project for sympathetic

A

target organs

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13
Q

describe neurons of sympathetic system

A

1 st neuron = preganglionic = very short, synapse right outside spinal cord and makes synapse on to post ganglionic neuron
axons leave spinal cord to make synapse

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14
Q

what is nucleus vs ganglia

A

ganglia = pns
nucleus = cns
organized group of synapses, cell bodies and dendrites in cns

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15
Q

where are synapses between preganglionic and postganlionic sympathetic neurons clustered

A

right outside spinal cord in sympathetic ganglia
chains run along spinal cords
thoracic and lumbar regions
pregang out spinal cord –> postgang –> target organs

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16
Q

what do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release

A

acetlycholine = activates nicotinic actelycholine receptors on post ganglionic neurons

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17
Q

what do sympathetic post ganglionic neurons release

A

norepi
actiavtes alpha and beta adrenergic receptors on tagret

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18
Q

describe nicotinic ach receptors

A

excitatory
ion channels open in response to ach and depolarizes neuron and sends ap down

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19
Q

describe adrenergic receptors

A

postganlionic neuron (very long) releases norepi on these receptors
metabotropic receptors = change biochemistry and phsyiology of cells

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20
Q

describe effect of norepi on heart

A

heart contacts more
but if released in lung = smooth muscle bronchiole relaxes, effect depends on tissue

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21
Q

what do beta blockers do

A

block adrenergic = heart wont beat hard when neurons

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22
Q

where do axons of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons emerge from

A

brainstem = cranial nerves iii, vii, ix, x
sacral spinal cord

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23
Q

describe pregang neurons of parasymp

A

extend almost all the way to peripheral targets
then postgang extend remaining short distance

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24
Q

describe vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic input to visceral organs - heart, lungs, etc

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25
describe facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
innervate salivary gland
26
describe oculomotor nerve
innervates smooth muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation of pupils of eye
27
what do parasympathetic projections from sacral spinal cord innervate
bladder large intestine reproductive organs
28
describe cranial nerves
output comes through nerves that emerge from brainstem iii = oculomotor nerve, for pupils vii = facial nerve - controls face ix = glossopharyngeal nerve, innervates mouth and some parasym effects x = vagus nerve, very important, innervates body sacral spinal cord - some nerves here too
29
how many cranial nerves
12 emerge from brainstem
30
what do parasym preganglionic neurons release
ach actiavtes postsynaptic nicotinic ach receptors
31
what do parasym postganglionic neurons release
also release ach activates muscarinic ach receptors
32
where are parasymp ganglia located
near target organ
33
describe muscarinic ach receptors
Activated by muscarin metabotropic = changes physiology
34
describe effect of ach on heart
makes heart slow down but on lungs = constricts
35
describe when stimulate sympathetic
increase heart rate and strength of contractions bigger faster
36
describe when stimulate parasympathetic
decrease heart rate and contraction slower weaker
37
what does enteric system control
gastrointestinal tract covered by smooth muscle pancreas gallbladder smooth muscle in gut and local blood vessels and secretion by mucosa
38
how many neurons does enteric system contain
100 mil as many as spinal cord
39
what does enteric system recieve input from
receives input from sympathetic and parasympathetic systems highly autonomous and can put function normally in absence of external neuronal input
40
what does enteric system contain
cholinergic neurons =tend to activate peristaltic contractions of gut adrenergic neurons = suppress gut and peristalsis neurons that release neuropeptides, atp and nitric oxide
41
can intestines contract on their own
intestine contracts in physiological solutions if put ach = contract bc parasymp if put norepi = stop contract cause symp
42
what is intestine made up of
2 layers smooth muscle, longitudinal, circular 2 layers of neurons = myenteric plexus and submucous plexus
43
what does myenteric plexus control
contractions of smooth muscle
44
what does mucous plexus control
intestinal secretions
45
what does ans respond to
variety of sensory inputs come in through spinal cord and inside body - come through vagus nerve (sensory, parasym output)
46
give ex of sensory input to ans
stimulation of pain sensing neurons in skin activates sympathetic neurons that regulate local vasoconstriction
47
where does most sensory info from viscerla organs get to cns from
vagus nerve inputs to spinal cord
48
how does visceral sensory info enter brain
glossopharyngeal facial nerves
49
what do brainstem regions mediate
direct autonomic reflexes and projects to higher brain areas (like hypothalamus and cerebral cortex) coordinate autonomic repsonses
50
what does brain stem do
integrates visceral sensory inputs and autonomic outputs project to higher brain centers involved in homeostasis
51
what controls brainstem
amygdala hypothalamus - sensory info also conveyed here and regulates output from brainstem
52
describe brainstem nuclei
first level of everything Sensory input can generate symp and parasymp outputs brainstem nuclei = continuation of spinal cord Organizes and controls stereotyped behavioural responses (like cat) automated response at level of brainstem (chewing, facial expression)
53
what does hypothalamus integrate
autonomic responses, endocrine function with behviour to maintain homeostasis
54
name 5 basic physiological needs hypothalamus regulates
blood pressure and electrolyte balance body temp energy metabolism - eating, balance of glucose reproduction emergency responses to stress - behavioural and metabolic processes
55
describe what hypothalamus does for temp as ex
compares sensory info with biological set points - ex = 37 degrees for body temp gets continuous sensory input
56
describe what hypothalamus does when detect deviation for temp as ex
detects deviation from set point and coordinates autonomic endocrine and beahvioural responses to restore homeostaiss
57
how does brain recieve info about temp
monitors body temp - sensory neuron in body sends info to hypothalamus = indirect measure neurons in hypothalamus that are sensitive to temp - directly measures itself and generates output pathway
58
describe if body temp too high
sweating (autonomic) turn on ac (motivated to act)
59
describe if body temp too low
shivering - from brainstem, automated response, generates heat, shift where heat retained in body putting on sweater = cold so motivated to put sweater on (cerebral cortex) Thyroxin = from pituitary, regulates metabolism = generates heat
60
describe fever
immune system sets point in hypothalamus to 40 degrees = chills body temp rises fever breaks = set point brought down so too hot so sweat
61
what does ans and hypothalamus interact with
other brain regions including amygdala parts of cerebral cortex (relate visceral responses to conscious feelings and connect emotions to memories)
62
describe cerebral cortex
regions of brain involved in feelings and connections
63
what happens if in dangerous situation
Physiological changes fear based on cognitive understanding but also physiological changes connection between physiological changes and interpreted by brain
64
describe hippocampus
learning explicit declarative memory
65
describe uncus
amygdala in uncus
66
describe medial regions of cortex and fontal regions of cortex
connect amygdala brainstem and up thalamus to cerebral cortex connect feeling to cognitive state - why i feel afraid cognitive interpretation = cerebral cortex Emotional physiological response - amygdala, hypothalamus, brainstem
67
what is amygdala for
forms connection between cognitive understanding of world and visceral response normally elicited in response to feelings amygdala = important for role that emotion and physiological changes play in learning
68
describe bilateral loss of amygdala
not normal learning normal subjects = show pics and measure increase in arousal, most neutral pics but some bad, shows strong emotional response = arousal goes up ppl with amygdala damage = do not have this response new stack of images but with repeats = normal people = more likely to remember things that elicit strong emotional response amygdala lesions = do not remember emotional ones more

PHGY 209 (19 decks)

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