Cognitive/motor 1 Flashcards
how can consciousness be thought of
2 diff ways = state of consciousness and conscious experience
describe state of consciousness
level of arousal - awake, asleep, etc
measured by beahviour and brain activity
medically relevant
describe conscious experience
thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas, etc
capacity to experience one’s existence rather than just recording it or responding to stimuli like an automaton, have a mental life, laptop probably does not
what is eeg
electroencephalogram
measures brain activity
mainly measures activity of neurons located near scalp in gray matter of cortex (closest to skull)
describe eeg
each electrode measures activity of neurons closest to it
shows activity but not what its for
Electrodes affected by millions of neuron’s since many neuron’s are small
measures voltage
what is frequency of eeg related to
when alert = high frequencies
sleep = low frequencies- associated with many neurons doing same thing = synchronous activity
levels of responsiveness
what is amplitude of eeg related to
related to synchronous neural activity
describe eeg during seizure
abnormal synchronously
normal = random, not large variations
what does eegs reflect
mental states
describe alpha rhythm
relaxed with eyes closed - awake
slow frequencies, larger amplitudes
describe beta rythym
alert
fast frequencies
smaller amplitudes
name stages of sleep
NREM - slow wave sleep
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4
REM - paradoxical sleep
describe amp/freq of awake
low amp
high freq
describe amp/freq of stages
stage 1 -4 = low to high amp (low frequ) 30-45 mins
describe amp/freq of rem
low amp
high freq
what is rem
rapid eye movemnts = when dreaming
describe whole sleep pathway
amplitudes get bigger and slower frequencies
20-45 mins from stage 1-4 then stage 4-1 = smaller amp higher frequ and then rem sleep (eegs start looking like alert) then bounce out of rem sleep and go 1-4 and 4-1 and then rem again = cycle all night long
# of times you cycle depend on age (more for babies, as get older = less time)
why do we sleep
don’t know but most animals sleep= important for functioning
lack of sleep = bad
during sleep what happens
consolidation of memory
changes structure of brain
helps you remember experiences from day
helps us get better when sick
describe sleep apnea
sudden reduction in respiration
mechanical problem = tongue drops back and blocks respiration, when skeletal muscle inhibited = produces snoring
if block respiration = cannot breathe so wakes up = interrupts rem sleep
describe physiological changes during rem
increases eye movement
increased inhibition of skeletal muscle (low muscle tone, twitching can occur)
Increased heart rate and respiration
what is circadian rhythm
period of wake and sleep
mediated by reticular activating system and nuclei in hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and preoptic area of hypothalamus)
ras projects everywhere n brain, like cortex and moves you from awake to sleep
describe regulating states of consciousness - awake
norepi and serotonin increase and reduced ach
cholinergic neurons active
reduced gaba and increases histamine
describe regulating states of consciousness - sleep
opposite
cholinergic neurons active, low norepi and ach
high gaba less histamine
increased inhibition
