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PHGY 209 > CNS/sensory 1 - intro > Flashcards

CNS/sensory 1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

name major divisions of the nervous system

A

afferent - sensory input
efferent - motor output

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2
Q

describe afferent

A

sensory input
cell bodies outside of CNS
sends axons into CNS

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3
Q

which nerves go into cns

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves

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4
Q

describe cranial nerves

A

somatic
visual
olfactory
taste
auditory
vestibular
send into brain directly

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5
Q

describe spinal nerves

A

somatic sensation = touch, temp, pain
visceral = sensation inside you - input
send into cns

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6
Q

describe efferent

A

motor output
cell bodies in CNS

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7
Q

WHAT IS cns

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

name efferents

A

somatic efferent
autonomic efferent
enteric

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9
Q

describe somatic efferent

A

innervates skeletal muscle
only excitatory - ACH
motor neurons

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10
Q

what is ach

A

neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction

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11
Q

describe autonomic efferent

A

innervates interneurons
and attach to other things = smooth and cardiac muscle
excitatory and inhibitory - causes muscles to contract

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12
Q

describe enteric

A

nervous system
neurons that control digestive system

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13
Q

what is cerebrum

A

cortex
2 halves
outside

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14
Q

what is corpus callosum

A

connecting of 2 sides - 2 halves

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15
Q

what is thalamus

A

on top of brainstem

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16
Q

what is brainstem - parts

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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17
Q

what is frontal lobe

A

motivation
Consciousness

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18
Q

what is parietal lobe

A

integrates sensory info from different modalities

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19
Q

name 4 lobes of brain

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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20
Q

what is occipital lobe

A

visal areas

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21
Q

what is central sulcus

A

separates primary motor gyrus and primary somatosensory gyrus

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22
Q

what is cerebellum

A

below cortex
motor control and movement

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23
Q

what is gyrus

A

fold in cerebrum = increased surface area
more cerebral cortex

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24
Q

what is sulcus

A

cracks
sulci

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25
Q

what are ventricles

A

little opening called ventricles
produce cerebral spinal fluid
openings/cavities

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26
Q

what is gray matter

A

cell bodies of neuron’s are in 2 mm band on surface
cell bodies
dendrites
synapses

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27
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated axons

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28
Q

what is basal nuclei

A

basal ganglia
collection of cell bodies all together

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29
Q

name divisions of spinal cord

A

cervical nerves
lumbar nerves
thoracic nerves
sacral nerves
coccygeal nerves

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30
Q

how many spinal segments

A

31

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31
Q

what is between vertebrae

A

spinal nerves

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32
Q

what is spinal segment

A

hockey puck shape
bunch of spinal cord and corresponding 2 spinal nerves coming off on either side

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33
Q

describe cervical nerves

A

8 pairs
spinal nerves innervate = neck, shoulders, arms, hands

34
Q

describe lumbar nerves

A

lower abdominal wall, hips, legs

35
Q

describe sacral nerves

A

genitals and lower digestive track

36
Q

what is difference in matter of brain and spinal cord

A

gray matter on inside of spinal cord
white matter on outside
opposite of brain

37
Q

describe dorsal horn (spinal cord)

A

wings of butterfly
Afferent
sensory info comes in
behind ventral horn

38
Q

describe ventral horn (spinal cord)

A

efferents
cell bodies = ventral horn of gray matter
motor info comes out

39
Q

describe gray matter (spinal cord)

A

neurons form circuitry
butterfly shaped

40
Q

describe central canal (spinal cord)

A

Opening in middle of gray matter
where csf is

41
Q

describe dorsal root (spinal cord)

A

afferent

42
Q

describe ventral root

A

efferent

43
Q

describe white matter (spinal cord)

A

axons going up and down cord
grouped together in tracts

44
Q

describe dorsal root ganglion (spinal cord)

A

bulge = cell bodies of neurons that form afferents that send axons into cns
innervates skin and other tissue = as part of somatosensory input
cell bodies located close to spinal cord = in dorsal root or dorsal root ganglion

45
Q

describe cranial nerves - detailed

A

12 pairs
olfactory and optic nerves - 2 project other places in brain - do not go through brainstem
10 of them project into brainstem
trigeminal nerve innervates face
share both sensory and motor info coming in and out of cranial nerves

46
Q

describe brain edema

A

increased intercranial pressure pushes brain out base of skull (pushes brain out through only opening)
compresses brain stem and cranial nerves that regulate pupillary response
like how during concussion or head injury = doctor will shine light in eye - looking for pupillary reflex

47
Q

describe early development of the nervous system - up to week 1

A

fertilized egg - ovum
divides and becomes ball of cells
after one week = blastocyst - week 1 (blastocyst - ball of cells, starts to take shape = hollow cavity on inside)
inner cell mass = inside - bunch of developing cells - eventually becomes you and nervous system

48
Q

describe early development of the nervous system - week 2 and 3 - basic

A

week 2 - blastocyst = more definition of blastocyst and inner cell mass will grow
week 3 - blastocyst - embryonic disk forms - important layer of cells in blastocyst - neural plate forms

49
Q

describe early development of the nervous system - week 4 - basic

A

if chop it= look down on embryonic disk –> where specialization starts to form - which cells become nervous system and which cells become everything else

50
Q

describe week 3 of development of neural tube - in detail

A

3 layers of neural plate - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
neural plate had 2 layers - bunch of cells growing and dividing
starts to form neural groove

51
Q

describe week 4 of development of neural tube - in detail

A

neural groove starts to form neural tube
Neural crest becomes part of PNS and CNS - part of ectoderm - dorsal root ganglia afferent
sensory input
mesoderm forms dura
neural tube becomes CNS and part of PNS

52
Q

describe neural tube

A

vesicles develop during week 4 - neural tube forms little bulges
~week 4/5 = forms whole nervous system

53
Q

what does neural tube become

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
extension of neural tube = spinal cord

54
Q

describe parts of CNS - from neural tube

A

fore brain = cerebral hemispheres, thalamus
midbrain = midbrain
hindbrain = cerebellum, pons, medulla
inside neural tube = hollow - cavity becomes ventricles and central canal - csf fluif produced and flows

55
Q

what do ventricles contain

A

150 ml of cerebral spinal fluid - csf

56
Q

name important ventricles

A

lateral ventricles
third ventricle
4th ventricle

57
Q

describe lateral ventricles

A

2 large ventricles - curve around temporal lobes
large
most of csf

58
Q

describe choroid plexus

A

lining of ventricle
oozes csf into ventricle all the time

59
Q

what are foramens

A

ventricle connected to each other through little connections

60
Q

describe formation of csf

A

Produced by the choroid plexus (in the four ventricles, but mainly the two lateral)
rate of 500 ml/day
must leave brain since more than max

61
Q

describe function of csf

A

supports and cushions cns - specific gravity pf csf and brain are equal
provides nourishment to brain
removes metabolic waste through absorption at the arachnoid villi (organ that takes csf out of brain)

62
Q

describe composition of csf

A

sterile
colourless
acellular fluid
contains glucose

63
Q

describe circulation of csf - general

A

passive - not pumped
oozes out of choroid plexus and moves around - absorbed by arachnoid villi
dumped back into venous blood supply

64
Q

what is entire pathway of csf

A

foramen of munro - where 2 lateral ventricles attach into 3rd ventricle
dump csf into 3rd ventricle (can also produce some csf)
then goes behind midbrain via cerebral aqueduct - midbrain
fourth ventricle (between brainstem and cerebellum) - still produces some csf
central canal - csf flows passively
csf leaves out foramens of lushka (2 lateral) and magendie
csf enters subarachnoid space - now goes outside of brain and spinal cord
cavity collects csf through arachnoid villi - takes out and dumps into venous blood supply (connects at midline)

65
Q

what is subarachnoid space formed by

A

produced by one of coverings of CSF - meninges aka membranes

66
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

too much water in brain - too much csf
csf pushed brain out towards skull

67
Q

name types of hydrocephalus

A

communicating
non communicating

68
Q

describe communicating hydrocephalus

A

problem is absorption of csf by arachnoid vili or block in subarachnoid space
but all ventricles are communicating and all foramens ok

69
Q

describe noncommunicating hydrocephalus

A

problem in ventricle or foramen is blocked

70
Q

what are meninges

A

membranes

71
Q

what do meninges cover

A

brain and spinal cord

72
Q

what are 3 meninges of cns and describe

A

dura mater - protects brain, thick leather
arachnoid membrane - thinner, creates subarachnoid space
pia mater - very thin, lays flat on gray matter

73
Q

what is subarachnoid space = meninges of cns

A

between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
composed of trabeculae = little foot processes that create space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
contains csf and blood vessels - dive down and perfuse neural tissu

74
Q

describe dural - venous - sinus

A

csf returns to blood at dural sinus (dura opens to form this)
csf collected and returned to venous blood supply
arachnoid vili = line dural sinus
csf = subarachnoid space and move into dural sinus via arachnoid villi

75
Q

describe thoracic nerves

A

down thoracic segments
shoulder, chest
upper abdominal wall
12 pairs

76
Q

how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there

A

1 pair

77
Q

what does ectoderm become

A

pns and cns systems between week 3 and 4

78
Q

what does mesoderm do

A

Becomes muscles and internal parts of body

79
Q

what does endoderm do

A

will fold up into tube and form digestive system

80
Q

what happens if neural tube is not formed properly

A

problem for baby
neural tube deficits

PHGY 209 (19 decks)

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