Immunology Flashcards
Physiology of vasodilation
occurs due to histamine being released by mast cells acting on smooth muscle in blood vessels
Vascular permeability is increased by…
histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins and leukotrines. Endothelial cells contract and the tight junctions between them are disrupted
What is vascular stasis and how does it help?
Is the slowing of blood flow which allows cells to line up near the endothelium (margination)
Physiology of pain in inflammation
Action of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins and cytokines) on free nerve endings either directly activating them or sensitising them
Physiology of loss of function in inflammation
Damage to cells necessary for tissue function (esp. parenchyma; also stroma)
What is leukocyte extraversion?
is moving out of the vascular lumen to the tissue and then towards the site if injury
Role of a neutrophil in acute inflammation
predominate first few hours, nucleus has 2-5 lobes, they phagocytose microbes, dead cells, cell debris, produce neutrophil extracellular traps and secrete cytokines
How to identify a monocyte histologically
are large with bean shaped nucleus
Role of macrophages in acute inflammation and how to distinguish from monocyte
are large with bean shaped nucleus but have more cytoplasm than monocytes, they are phagocytic, secrete lots of pro inflammatory cytokines and can activate T cells
What are 2 therapeutic interventions for acute inflammation?
COX-inhibitors(such asaspirinandibuprofen)
MoA:inhibitprostaglandin synthesis;particularlyeffective attreatingpain
Steroids(such as dexamethasone)
MoA:bind to glucocorticoid receptors in innate immune cells, inhibiting inflammation
Hallmarks of serous inflammatory response
Characterised by accumulation of exudate in a cavity (e.g., peritoneal or space created by injury). Exudate is derived either from plasma or mesothelium. Exudate is essentially sterile and free of leukocytes
Hallmarks of fibrinous inflammatory response
Characterised by large deposition of fibrin. Typically occurs at lining of certainbodycavities (e.g.,pleural and pericardial). Highvascularleakage +procoagulantstimulileads tofibrin deposition. If notresolved, a scar may form that can disrupt tissue function
Hallmarks of purulent (suppurative) inflammatory response
Characterised by the formation of pus, whichcomprisesnecroticdebris(dead/dying neutrophils, tissue cells and usually bacteria)andtissuefluid. An abscessis alocalisedcollection ofpus buried inside a tissue. If inflammation is chronic, repair processes may initially surround and then eventually replace the abscess with fibrotic connective tissue. Often causedby infection with pyogenic bacteria
Hallmarks of ulcerative inflammatory response
An ulcer is a localdefect in a tissue causedsloughingoff or disintegrationinflamed necrotic tissue. Foundwhere inflammation and necrosis can occur at ornearasurface (e.g.,the mucosa ofthegastrointestinal tract). Acute and chronic inflammatory processes may be going on simultaneously in distinct areas of ulcers (e.g., peptic ulcers)
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution
Repair by fibrosis
Progression to chronic inflammation
Formation of granuloma
Causes of chronic inflammation
persistent infection, unresolved acute inflammation, continual exposure to stimulus, hypersensitivity disease
Features of chronic inflammation
tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells (monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and lyphocytes), destruction of normal tissue architecture and angiogenesis and fibrosis
What are the 4 treatment options for chronic inflammation?
NSAIDs E.g., naproxen for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Corticosteroids E.g., inhaledbudesonide for chronic asthma. Immunosuppressants E.g., methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Biologics E.g., adalimumab for severe active Crohn’s disease
What happens in T cell development?
CLP→ proliferation in thymus→ double negative thymocyte→ arrange beta chain D-J→ continue to arrange with surrogate alpha → stop rearranging and start proliferating → double positive thymocyte→ start rearrangement of alpha chain→ check self recognition (positive selection) → apoptosis if no recognition → negative selection to determine either CD4 (MHCII) or CD8 (MHCI) → but if strong affinity then apoptosis→ T reg if low affinity to MHCII
What happens in B cell development?
What are central vs peripheral mechanisms of immune tolerance?
Central-
- Thymus- education and selection of t cells
- Bone marrow- production and selection of B cells
- AIRE- AutoImmuneRegulator- Transcriptional regulatorwhich induces theexpressionofself-proteinsin thethymus. AIRE isexpressedin the nucleus of thymic medullarystromalcells.
Peripheral-
- Preventing aberrant immune responses in peripheral tissues
- iTreg suppress effector responses to innocuous foreign antigens and development of autoimmunity, secrete IL10 and TGF-B
What is APECED AutoimmunePolyEndocrinopathyCandidiasis EctodermalDystrophy?
Caused by mutation of AIRE. The immunesystemattacks multiple endocrinetissues: parathyroid glands, adrenal glands,pancreaticinsulin-producingcells
Primary vs secondary immunodeficiency
Primary (genetic eg. SCID, treated with bone marrow transplant), secondary (acquired eg. AIDS, starvation and drug acquired impaired immunity, managed with anti-microbials)
What is AIDS?
Caused bythehuman immunodeficiency virus(HIV). Receptor is CD4; obligatory co-receptors are CXCR4 and CCR5. Not rapidly cleared and ultimately cannot be chronically controlled. Initial infection of CD4+ cells at mucosa: T cells and dendritic cells. Spreads to lymph nodes, then systemically