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Year 2 Med > Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum And Movement Disorders > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum And Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the embryological origins of the basal ganglia?

A

the telencephalon (cortex and basal ganglia) and the diencephalon (the thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina)

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2
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the basal ganglia?

A
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3
Q

What are the pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

Each arrow = axons, which terminate in synapses at the receiving neuron. Excitatory synapses cause the opening of Na+ or Ca2+ ion channels, which causes depolarization; inhibitory synapses cause opening of Cl- or K+ channels, which either cause hyperpolarization, or maintain the resting potential respectively.

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4
Q

What is centre surround functional organisation in the basal ganglia?

A
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5
Q

What is huntingtons chorea?

A
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6
Q

What is the pathophysiology of huntingtons chorea?

A
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7
Q

What are the cerebellar afferents?

A
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8
Q

Conscious vs unconscious proprioceptive circuitry

A
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9
Q

Conscious vs unconscious vestibular circuitry

A
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10
Q

What are the cerebellar efferents?

A
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11
Q

What are the cerebellar functions?

A
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12
Q

Direct vs indirect pathways?

A
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13
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A
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14
Q

What is a hypokinetic movement disorder and the causes of it?

A

AKA Akinetic-rigid syndromes and Parkinsonism

Causes

  • Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
  • Vascular Parkinsonism
  • Medications that block dopamine
  • Rarer causes- Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s plus syndromes, PSP, MSA
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15
Q

What are hyperkinetic movements?

A

Tremor
Chorea
Dystonia
Myoclonus
Tics

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16
Q

What is a tremor and the different types?

A
17
Q

What is chorea and its causes?

A
18
Q

What is Dystonia and its causes?

A

sustained or intermittent muscle contraction resulting in abnormal postural movement, can be repetitive or task specific, can be painful. Causes- idiopathic, genetic, trauma, tumour, stroke, immune mediated, post infectious, drugs such as antipsychotics

19
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

jerky, shock like movements, picked up by EMG

20
Q

What are tics?

A

usually brief, movement or sound, Tourette’s is the most common cause

21
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Year 2 Med (60 decks)

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