Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum And Movement Disorders Flashcards
What are the embryological origins of the basal ganglia?
the telencephalon (cortex and basal ganglia) and the diencephalon (the thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina)
What are the inputs and outputs of the basal ganglia?
What are the pathways of the basal ganglia?
Each arrow = axons, which terminate in synapses at the receiving neuron. Excitatory synapses cause the opening of Na+ or Ca2+ ion channels, which causes depolarization; inhibitory synapses cause opening of Cl- or K+ channels, which either cause hyperpolarization, or maintain the resting potential respectively.
What is centre surround functional organisation in the basal ganglia?
What is huntingtons chorea?
What is the pathophysiology of huntingtons chorea?
What are the cerebellar afferents?
Conscious vs unconscious proprioceptive circuitry
Conscious vs unconscious vestibular circuitry
What are the cerebellar efferents?
What are the cerebellar functions?
Direct vs indirect pathways?
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
What is a hypokinetic movement disorder and the causes of it?
AKA Akinetic-rigid syndromes and Parkinsonism
Causes
- Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
- Vascular Parkinsonism
- Medications that block dopamine
- Rarer causes- Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s plus syndromes, PSP, MSA
What are hyperkinetic movements?
Tremor
Chorea
Dystonia
Myoclonus
Tics
What is a tremor and the different types?
What is chorea and its causes?
What is Dystonia and its causes?
sustained or intermittent muscle contraction resulting in abnormal postural movement, can be repetitive or task specific, can be painful. Causes- idiopathic, genetic, trauma, tumour, stroke, immune mediated, post infectious, drugs such as antipsychotics
What is myoclonus?
jerky, shock like movements, picked up by EMG
What are tics?
usually brief, movement or sound, Tourette’s is the most common cause
What is Wilson’s disease?