Immunology Flashcards
What is inflammation?
Tissue damage initiates a set of vascular and cellular events that are designed to be able to clean up cellular debris, and infectious organisms and initiate repair.
What causes inflammation?
Physical trauma, chemical trauma, infectious organisms, sunlight and burns, and allergies.
What are the 2 divisions of the Immune System?
Innate (Natural) Immunity and Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
How can you manipulate the immune system to prevent or treat human diseases?
- Immunization
- Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive drugs.
- Cancer immunotherapy
What does cancer immunotherapy enables?
Immunotherapy enables the immune system to recognize, target and eliminate cancer cells, making it a potential ‘universal answer’ to cancer.
What are soluble factors?
They are factors which sense, either directly or indirectly, the potential threats and produce inflammation and cellular death.
What are the soluble factors of Innate Immunity?
- Cytokines
- Acute Phase Proteins
- Inflammatory Mediators
- Complement Proteins
What are the immune cells involved in Innate Immunity?
- Mast cells
- Natural Killer Cells
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
What is Innate Immunity?
It is a defense mechanism that is present from birth and is generally non-specific
What is the Acquired Immunity?
It is a defense mechanism induced by the presence of foreign or non-self material (including infectious microorganisms).
The response is unique to the specific substance or pathogen that induced the response.
What are the soluble factors of Acquired Immunity?
- Cytokines
- Antibodies
What are the Immune Cells involved in Acquired Immunity?
- B cells
- T cells
What are the four pathogens’ routes of entry?
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Urogenital System
- Skin damage
What are the two routes of attack?
- Circulatory System
- Lymphatic System
Tell me the 6 barriers to infection
- Physical Barrier
- Traps
- Unfavorable pH
- Elimination
- Lysozyme enzyme
- Commensal bacteria
What are the physical barriers?
Skin and mucosal membrane lining in DIGESTIVE, URINARY, RESPIRATORY
What traps are there?
Mucous, cilia (Nose & Trachea), hair (covering body & in nose and ears), earwax
What Elimination barriers are there?
Coughing, sneezing, urination, and diarrhea
Where is the unfavorable pH?
Stomach Acid, sweat, saliva, urine
What do lysozyme enzymes do, and where can you find them?
It acts as an antimicrobial agent by cleaving the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls (Digests bacterial walls), leading to cell death; Tears, and sweat
What are the four fundamental properties of adaptive immunity?
- Specificity
- Adaptiveness
- Distinguishing between self and non-self
- Memory
How long does Innate and Acquired immunity take to respond?
- Innate: Rapid response, mins-hrs
- Acquired: Slow response, days
Which tissue-resident innate immune cells recognize pathogens as non-self?
- Phagocytic cells (Macrophages and Dendritic cells)
- Mast cells
How are pathogens identified?
Pathogens express unique structures that are not present on/in human cells (PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns)