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Foundations of Medicine > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

These are the two reproductive cells which when fused, produce a zygote.

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2
Q

What are the names of these haploid cells?

A

Spermatozoa and oocyte (ovum)

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3
Q

What are the gonads where reproductive cells are created?

A

Testes and ovaries

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4
Q

Where is the zygote often conceived?

A

In the ampulla

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5
Q

Where does the pelvic cavity lie within?

A

The bony pelvis

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6
Q

What is the pelvic cavity continuous with?

A

The abdominal cavity

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7
Q

The pelvic cavity is between:

A

The pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet

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8
Q

What is the internal wall of the pelvic floor, and what does it separate?

A

Skeletal muscle, and separates the pelvic cavity and the perineum.

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9
Q

What are the three openings in the pelvic floor?

A
  1. Distal alimentary
  2. Reproductive
  3. Renal tracts
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10
Q

What is the pelvic roof formed by?

A

Parietal Peritoneum

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11
Q

The parietal peritoneum is the lining of ______, firmly attached to _____ and it drapes over ________

A

Abdominal cavity, walls, pelvic viscera

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12
Q

What are the two clinically relevant pouches?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)

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13
Q

What are the three important orifices in female genitalia?

A
  1. External urethral orifice
  2. Vaginal orifice
  3. Anus
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14
Q

What are the three layers of the body of the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
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15
Q

What are the two most common positions for the uterus?

A
  1. Anteverted
  2. Anteflexed
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16
Q

Describe anteverted relative to the uterus

A

Cervix is tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

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17
Q

Describe anteflexed relative to the uterus

A

The uterus is tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the cervix.

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18
Q

Describe the visuals of the ovaries and where they are located

A

Almond-sized and shaped, located laterally in the pelvic cavity

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19
Q

Where are the ovaries initially developed, and what do they do after?

A

Develop on the posterior abdominal wall and move onto the lateral wall of the pelvis.

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20
Q

Where are the ovaries initially developed, and what do they do after?

A

Develop on the posterior abdominal wall and move onto the lateral wall of the pelvis.

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21
Q

What do ovaries secrete, and in response to what?

A

Secrete oestrogen and progesterone, in response to pituitary hormones.

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22
Q

What are the three vessels which supply the uterus?

A
  1. Ovarian artery
  2. Common iliac artery bifurcates and forms Internal iliac artery
  3. Uterine artery
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23
Q

What is the name given to the vessel which supplies the vagina?

A

Vaginal artery

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24
Q

What are the five steps of menstruation?

A
  1. ova develops in ovaries
  2. In each menstrual cycle, one ovum is released from the surface of ovary into the peritoneal cavity
  3. ovum is gathered by fimbriae into the infundibulum of the uterine tube
  4. moved along the uterine tube by cilia
  5. during menstruation, an unfertilized ovum is expelled by contractions of the myometrium
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25
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

It occurs when a fertilized ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity.

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26
Q

Why is ectopic pregnancy so dangerous?

A

There is a danger of haemorrhage

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27
Q

What is a way for female sterilization?

A

Tubal ligation

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28
Q

What is the anatomical position of the penis?

A

Erect

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29
Q

Draw a penis and label it in its anatomical position

A

-Anterior surface
-Scrotum
-Anus
-Urethra
-Prepuce
-External urethral orifice

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30
Q

Where do the testis develop, and what happens by birth?

A

The testis develop on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity and by birth they have descended into the scrotum through the anterior abdominal wall.

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31
Q

What is formed by the descent of the testis?

A

The inguinal canal.

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32
Q

What is the name of the tube that sperm pass through from the testis?

A

Vas Deferens

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33
Q

Where is sperm produced, and at what temp?

A

In the seminiferous tubules are ~1C below core body temperature.

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34
Q

How long does it take for sperm to mature?

A

64 days

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35
Q

Draw the testis and include the important structures

A

Check notion.

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36
Q

What three things does the spermatic cord contain?

A
  • Vas deferens
  • Testicular artery
  • Pampiniform plexus of veins
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37
Q

What four things happen in the torsion of the testis?

A
  • The spermatic cord
  • Disrupts blood supply
  • Severe pain
  • Danger of testicular necrosis
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38
Q

Sketch the seminal glands, ejaculatory ducts, and prostate glands.

A

Check-in notion

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39
Q

What is the penis made of, and what happens to it during erection?

A

3 Cylinders of erectile tissue become filled with blood at arterial pressure during erection

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40
Q

What are the two things semen is composed of?

A

Sperm and seminal fluid

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41
Q

What is a kind of male sterilization, and how is it done?

A

Vasectomy.
The Vas Deferens is transected, and its lumen sutured closed.

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42
Q

What is the time a human takes to develop in utero?

A

Nine months (38-40 weeks)/ 3 trimesters

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43
Q

What are Weeks 0- 3 called?

A

Conceptus/Embryo

44
Q

What are Weeks 3-8 called?

A

Embryonic period

45
Q

What are Weeks 9-40 called?

A

Foetal Period

46
Q

What are the six phases of embryogenesis?

A
  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Fertilisation
  3. Cleavage
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Formation of a body plan
  6. Organogenesis
47
Q

What happens in gametogenesis?

A

Formation of gametes, consisting of mitosis and meiosis leading to genetic variation.

48
Q

What is oogenesis, when does it happen, and when does it end?

A

-Formation of female gametes.
- Starts in development and ends in menopause.

49
Q

What happens in weeks 28-30 in the females during oogenesis?

A

Primary oocytes begin meiosis but arrest in prophase until puberty.

50
Q

In females, the reproductive life span is determined during puberty. True or false?

A

False; it is determined in fetal life.

51
Q

What is spermatogenesis, when does it occur, and when does it end?

A

Formation of male gametes.
It occurs at puberty and continues throughout life.

52
Q

How long does the spermatogenesis cycle take?

A

64 to 74 days

53
Q

What is the production rate of sperm, and when does it decrease?

A

6.5 million sperm per gram of testicular tissue/day
Decreases by age.

54
Q

What are the two possible outcomes of spermatogenesis?

A

22+X and 22+Y

55
Q

What is the medical name for Down Syndrome? What are the genetics behind it?

A

-Trisomy 21
1. An additional copy of chromosome 21
2. Typically caused by nondisjunction.

56
Q

75% of nondisjunction cases occur during _______

A

Oocyte formation.

57
Q

Describe fertilization simply

A
  • Fusion of sperm and oocyte.
  • Formation of a zygote
58
Q

Describe fertilization simply

A
  • Fusion of sperm and oocyte.
  • Formation of a zygote
59
Q

Describe cleavage simply

A

Period of rapid mitotic cell division, BUT there is no increase in size.

60
Q

What are the cells which divide in the cleavage called and referred to? And up to what stage are they thought to be totipotent?

A

Smaller daughter cells called blastomeres. Up to the 8-cell stage blastomeres are thought to be totipotent

61
Q

Define Totipotent

A

(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to any cell type or a complete embryo.

62
Q

What are the terms used for the zygote as it divides?

A

Zygote (The fusion just occurred).
Morula: When it reaches 16+ cells
Blastocyst: In the Morula, fluid accumulates, forming a cavity that gives rise to the blastocyst.

63
Q

What days is the blastocyst formed?

A

Day 5-6

64
Q

Describe simply gastrulation and when does it occur.

A

Formation of the Germ Layers and the body axes are established
14-21 days after fertilization

65
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

66
Q

What is the term for the process occurring in the Formation of the Body Plan? Draw the process.

A

Embryonic folding (Tube-within-a-tube/ Gut tube within Skin/Body Wall.

67
Q

What week does the Formation of the Body Plan?

A

Week 4

68
Q

What is organogenesis, when does it happen, and when does it continue?

A

Formation of Organs and Organ Systems
Basis of these all in place by the end of the embryonic period, weeks six through eight are characterized by the growth and differentiation of tissues into organs.
Will continue to develop through foetal period

69
Q

What happens in the fetal period, and when are weight and growth gained?

A

Growth and weight gain
- Mainly grows in length during 2nd trimester
- Most weight is added in 3rd trimester
Tissues mature and become functional.
Overt sexual differentiation
Bone laid down; Connections made in CNS

70
Q

Draw how the fetus’ parts are referred to in its anatomical position

A

Cranial, Caudal
Dorsal, Ventral

71
Q

What are the six primary processes from a zygote to a human?

A

-Cell division
-Differentiation
-Cell Attachment
-Apoptosis
-Induction
-Cell migration

72
Q

What are the three secondary processes from a zygote to a human?

A

-Axis formation/Polarity
Which way is up?
Cells need to know where they are about each other and the embryo as a whole.
-Folding/Rotation
-Developing heart – Starts as a simple tube.

73
Q

What two things control development?

A

-Genetic
Gene expression – tightly regulated in time and space

-Epigenetic
Preferential expression of either the maternal or the paternal copy of a gene

74
Q

What syndrome is caused if there is a deletion on maternal chromosome 15?

A

Angelman Syndrome

75
Q

What syndrome is caused if there is a deletion on paternal chromosome 15?

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome

76
Q

Four steps of fertilization?

A

1) Sperm binds in a human-specific interaction with the zona pellucida glycoprotein (ZP3)
2) Acrosomal enzymes are released from the sperm head; the sperm digests its way into the egg.
3) Egg and sperm plasma membrane fuse, and sperm contents enter the egg
4) Sperm entry triggers: - completion of meiosis 2
- release of cortical granules by oocyte

77
Q

What is a mosaic?

A

Individuals with two or more cell lines with different chromosome complements

78
Q

When can Mitotic Nondisjunction occur?

A

This can occur in the early division of the zygote

79
Q

In the Morula, where are all cells confined?

A

Within the zona pellucida

80
Q

As the cells within zona pellucida maximize space by coming closer, what happens?

A

They begin to form cell junctions. Outer cells (in contact with ZP) form extensive gap junctions.

81
Q

What happens when the gap junctions are formed in the morula?

A

Fluid enters the zona pellucida

82
Q

What is the term given to the embryonic part of the placenta?

A

Trophoblast.

83
Q

What occurs in Blastocyst Hatching?

A

The blastocyst moves itself out of the Zona Pellucida

84
Q

What day does implantation happen, and where?

A

Typically on day 6.
On the posterior or anterior uterine wall.

85
Q

What three processes happen on Day 7.5 in a bilaminar embryo?

A

-Trophoblast divides into Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
-Embryo organizes into two cell layers: Epiblast and Hypoblast.
-Amniotic cavity begins to form

86
Q

What two cavities are formed on day 9?

A

-Amniotic cavity (Epiblast)
-Primitive yolk sac (Hypoblast)

87
Q

What day is implantation completed and closed and by what?

A

Day 9.
Implantation complete and closure by fibrin coagulum.

88
Q

What is Fibrin Coagulum made of?

A

Blood clot and cellular debris

89
Q

Where do vacuoles appear and what do they form?

A

Vacuoles appear in the syncytiotrophoblast and unite to form lacunae.

90
Q

What four things happen on Day 12 of a Bilaminar embryo?

A

-Establishment of the uteroplacental circulation
-Maternal blood flows into lacunae to diffuse to the embryoblast.
-Extraembryonic mesoderm develops and eventually degenerates
-Forming the chorionic cavity

91
Q

What is in the chorionic cavity?

A

It contains the fluid in which the embryo floats.

92
Q

What two things happen on Day 13?

A

Further development of the chorionic cavity and presence of connecting stalk (eventually umbilical cord).

The second wave of hypoblast cells migrates to form the definitive (secondary) yolk sac

93
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation of an embryo in a location outside the uterus.

94
Q

When is the Primitive Streak formed, and where?

A

Week 3 and appears in midline at caudal end of epiblast

95
Q

What is the Primitive Streak, and what three things compose it?

A

The primitive streak, a transient embryonic structure, marks bilateral symmetry and helps confer anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral spatial information to early differentiating cells during gastrulation.
- Primitive pit, primitive node, and primitive groove

96
Q

When and what occurs in gastrulation?

A

Days 14-15
Movement of epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form the three primary germ layers

97
Q

What are the body axes established by?

A

The presence of the primitive streak.

98
Q

What is the Fate of the Ectoderm?

A

Epidermis of skin: Hair, nails and associated glands
Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

99
Q

What is the fate of the Mesoderm?

A

It divides into three regions by either side of the notochord:
Paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm (Somatic layer and visceral layer)

100
Q

What is the notochord for?

A

The notochord and anterior endoderm cells beneath it, and skin cells above it, cause the neural tube to become organized into the brain and spinal cord, which comprise the central nervous system.

101
Q

What is the Fate of the Paraxial Mesoderm?

A

Axial Skeleton, voluntary skeletal muscle, parts of the dermis in the back/

102
Q

What is the fate of the Intermediate Mesoderm?

A

Urogenital systems
-Kidneys and ureter
-Gonads and associated structures

103
Q

The fate of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Somatic Part)

A

Most of the dermis, the lining of the body wall, and parts of limbs.

104
Q

The fate of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Visceral Part)

A

Cardiovascular system, mesothelial covering organs and smooth muscle

105
Q

The fate of the endoderm

A

The lining of the gut tube, respiratory tract, bladder, and urethra.

Foundations of Medicine (18 decks)

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