Immunology

Question 1

Will a negative SNAP giardia test have any spots present? What about if the test is positive?

Answer 1

Yes, 1 spot; Yes, 2 spots

Question 2

What are the two tests used for heartworm diagnostics?

Answer 2

Knott’s Test and Immunodiagnostic Tests

Question 3

What does the Baermann technique test for?

Answer 3

larvae

Question 4

Which test involves the binding of a conjugate to an antibody, initiating a color change to show a positive results for a virus?

Answer 4

ELISA

Question 5

If you want to test for a current infection, which ELISA would you want to use?

Answer 5

An ELISA testing for antigen

Question 6

If you want to test to see if a patient has ever had an infection, what would you test for?

Answer 6

Antibody

Question 7

Where is the control line relative to the test line in a lateral flow device and why is it located there?

Answer 7

Above the control line; to ensure the sample reaches the site of the test

Question 8

If you are positive an animal has heartworm, but tests are showing up negative, what can you do and why

Answer 8

Heat treat the sample to break up any antigen-antibody complexes that have formed

Question 9

Which type of immune response is stimulated by the presence of an antigen which is then recognized by T-cell receptors and antibodies

Answer 9

Adaptive Immunity

Question 10

Proteins called immunoglobins

Answer 10

Antibodies

Question 11

What type of cells do B lymphocytes give rise to and what can these cells secrete

Answer 11

plasma cells; antibodies

Question 12

When a mature B/T cell encounters an antigen that matches the receptor on their surface, leading to proliferation of cells with the same receptor

Answer 12

clonal selection

Question 13

“Non-self” recognition involves proteins encoded by genes known as what

Answer 13

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Question 14

Which MHC classes exist and where are they found?

Answer 14

Class I are found on all cells in vertebrates

Class II are only found on some cells (lymphocytes and macrophages)

Question 15

What is the structure of an antibody and which regions are variable/conserved?

Answer 15

• 2 light chains, 2 heavy chains

- top ends of y are variable, heavy chains/base are conserved (particularly among antibodies of the same class)

Question 16

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE are all what type of molecule?

Answer 16

antibodies

Question 17

what does the class of antibody determine

Answer 17

The role it plays in immune response (not specific antigens)

Question 18

When foreign particles are coated with antibody, which is recognized by a macrophage and engulfed

Answer 18

opsonization

Question 19

The release of a molecule that results in the perforation and destruction of a foreign cell (pokes holes)

Answer 19

Activation by complement

Question 20

When an antibody bound to the surface of an invader triggers cell death by host cells; particularly important with parasites

Answer 20

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 21

What are the two types of T cells?

Answer 21

CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells)

CD4+ (T helper cells)

Question 22

What response do these steps outline:

• antigen binds to B cells
• B cells proliferate and produce plasma cells
• Plasma cells bear antibodies that are then release
• memory cells provide future memory

Answer 22

The humoral response

Question 23

What type of immunity to the following belong to:

• Delayed type hypersensitivity
• Cytolytic T lymphocyte responses
• Natural killer cell responses
• Immediate hypersensitivity

Answer 23

Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)

Question 24

When TH1 cells are activated by a specific antigen, secreting cytokines that lead to inflammation

Triggered by schistosomes

Answer 24

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)

Question 25

When CD8+ cells become CTLs and begin lysing cells that display the antigen on their surface Important in organ transplant rejection and viral infections as well as protozoal infections such as malaria

Answer 25

Cytolytic T Lymphocyte (CTL) responses

Question 26

Large granular lymphocytes that are important in infections, organ transplant, and get involved quickly

Answer 26

Natural Killer Cell Responses (NK)

Question 27

When eosinophils are recruited to an area of inflammation to participate in a reaction to kill parasites, mediated by IgE

Answer 27

Immediate Hypersensitivity

Question 28

What happens if antigen is not destroyed

Answer 28

fibrous connective tissue can be deposited -- known as "fibrosis" -- or nodules of inflammatory tissue called "granulomas" can be found

Question 29

What happens to mast cells in when their surface bears IgE, histamine is released into the blood to dialate the vessels, and when they escape into tissues

Answer 29

degranulation

Question 30

What is the basis for allergies and asthma

Answer 30

immediate hypersensitivity

Question 31

What is the parasite-related theory for how allergies evolved

Answer 31

Evolved to help the body ward of parasites -- only allergens and parasite antigens stimulate a large production of IgE

Question 32

In inflammation, what is the first line of defense and what follows

Answer 32

neutrophils followed by macrophages

Question 33

How do eosinophils kill parasites

Answer 33

through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Question 34

What can be created when inflammation leads to cell death and the necrotic debris is confined to a specific area -- the pus increases hydrostatic pressure

Answer 34

abscess

Question 35

What is the name for inflammation that opens out to skin or mucous surface

Answer 35

ulcer

Question 36

What can amoebas cause with regard to inflammation

Answer 36

ulcers and abscesses

Question 37

In ascaris/hookworm infections, they penetrate lung capillaries to enter airways and damage vessels What type of pathogenesis is this an example of

Answer 37

trauma

Question 38

Hookworms bit the mucosa and suck blood in the intestine, causing anemia What type of pathogenesis is this

Answer 38

trauma

Question 39

E. histolytica digests the mucosa of the large intestine, causing ulcers and abscesses What type of pathogenesis is this an example of

Answer 39

trauma

Question 40

Diphyllobothrium latum absorbs vitamin B12from the GI wall and lumen contents What type of pathogenesis is this an example of

Answer 40

nutritional deficits

Question 41

Ascaris lumbricoides (whipworms) consume large amounts of food causing childhood malnutrition and growth retardation What type of pathogenesis is this an example of

Answer 41

nutritional deficits

Question 42

Giardia suctions into the intestinal epithelium, covering the absorptive surface of the GI tract What type of pathogenesis is this an example of

Answer 42

nutritional deficits

Question 43

In malaria, parasites invade red blood cells, which are lysed and harmful products are released -- this unleashed waste products and cellular debris What type of pathogenesis is this an example of

Answer 43

toxic effects

Question 44

What forms around schistosome eggs when they are carried to the liver and become lodged in vessels; what is the name for the ailment this causes

Answer 44

granulomas; cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Question 45

Which parasite has adults who live in the dermis and whose degenerating juveniles become foci of inflammation, causing keratitis and blindness

Answer 45

Onchocerca volvulus

Question 46

A host is ______ if the host cannot eliminate the parasite before the parasite becomes established

Answer 46

susceptible

Question 47

A host is _____ if physiological status prevents establishment and survival of a parasite

Answer 47

resistant

Question 48

Rather than referring to the host as susceptible or resistant, what two terms can the parasite be referred to as

Answer 48

infective or non-infective

Question 49

an animal demonstrates ____ if it possesses cells or tissues that are capable of recognizing and protecting the animal against non-self invaders

Answer 49

immunity

Question 50

Which type of immunity is shown by all animals to some degree and does not depend on prior exposure

Answer 50

innate immunity

Question 51

which type of immunity is specific to the particular non-self material, requires time to develop, and occurs faster upon secondary exposure

Answer 51

adaptive immunity

Question 52

what is the term for when resistance may be incomplete but the host recovers clinically (when the parasites are "held in check" by the host immune system so the host is asymptomatic)

Answer 52

premunition

Question 53

when a parasite may protect against reinfection by remaining in the host unaffected by the immune response schistosomiasis is a good example

Answer 53

concomitant immunity

Question 54

Which type of innate immunity can be cornified, sclerotized, soft/layer of mucus

Answer 54

Barrier

Question 55

What do useful defense systems require the ability to differentiate between

Answer 55

Self and Non-self

Question 56

What two innate immunity responses are important for cell signaling

Answer 56

- cytokines/cytokine receptors | - pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 57

All of these are locations for what molecules: - the surface of neighboring cells - dissolved in the blood (cytokines) - on the surface of secreted pathogens

Answer 57

ligands

Question 58

``` Which of these are affected by cytokines: A) the same cells that produce them B) cells nearby C) dells distant in the body D) all of the above ```

Answer 58

D) all of the above

Question 59

Which pathways lead to the production of IFN-gamma, controlling the differentiation of T helper cells toward TH1 or TH2

Answer 59

JAK-STAT

Question 60

What was discovered when moth larvae released antimicrobials, killing the bacteria they were inoculated with despite having no prior exposure

Answer 60

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

Question 61

Do antimicrobial molecules have low specificity or high specificity?

Answer 61

low specificity -- peptides target different categories of microbes

Question 62

What on the surface of host cells recognize pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Answer 62

PRRs

Question 63

What is a series of enzymes activated in sequence that can be triggered upon the binding of molecules on the surface of parasites or microbes

Answer 63

complement

Question 64

What is the difference between the classical complement pathway and the alternative pathway and what is the end result

Answer 64

classical -- antibody binding to antigen alternative -- enzyme activated in the blood, binds to cell surfaces ends -- in cell lysis/destruction of invader (not host cell)

Question 65

Scavenger receptors, toll-like receptors, and complement receptors are all types of what

Answer 65

PRRs

Question 66

What is the function of complement receptors

Answer 66

they mediate phagocytosis and other processes

Question 67

What type of PRR is a conserved family of receptors that activates innate immunity and initiates adaptive immunity

Answer 67

TLRs

Question 68

What ubiquitous molecules in eukaryotic cell membranes function by anchoring proteins to cell membranes

Answer 68

Glycophosphatidylinositols (GPIs)

Question 69

Which two substances are considered mucicidal and can cross cellular barriers (they are present in saliva, sweat, and certain red blood cells)

Answer 69

IgA and lysozyme

Question 70

What two protective compounds are made by cells in the adaptive immune response

Answer 70

Interferons (cytokines) | Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) -- a mediator of inflammation that can cause fever

Question 71

What natural defense can aid in preventing the establishment of pathogenic infections

Answer 71

GI microflora

Question 72

Substances in human ____ can kill intestinal protozoans such as giardia and entamoeba histolytica

Answer 72

milk

Question 73

the process of engulfing an invading particle via invagination of the cell membrane (lysosomes then pour in digestive enzymes to destroy the foreign particle)

Answer 73

phagocytosis

Question 74

What contains enzymes that initiate the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs) -- potentially toxic molecules for invading organisms

Answer 74

Lysosomes

Question 75

Which types of cells are capable of phagocytosis

Answer 75

Monocytes and dendritic cells

Question 76

which cells arise in the bone marrow and leave the blood to become active phagocytes (macrophages, Kupffer cells, and microglial cells), expressing an abundance of TLRs

Answer 76

monocytes

Question 77

what cells arise in the bone marrow, the immature cells are phagocytic, and mature to activate the adaptive immune response

Answer 77

Dendritic cells

Question 78

Which type of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are often associated with allergic response and parasitism

Answer 78

Eosinophilia