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MIP 260 > Epidemiology and Transmission Ecology > Flashcards

Epidemiology and Transmission Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What does a complete understanding of disease transmission require the study of (both)

A

Macroepidemiology and microepidemiology

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2
Q
  • large-scale problems of disease distribution
  • demographic and cultural factors affecting transmission
  • illness and death rates
  • economic impacts
  • requires substantial funding, institutions, trained personnel, and government policies allowing for data collection
A

macroepidemiology

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3
Q
  • small-scale problems
  • looks at how disease distribution affects individual host-parasite interactions, parasite strains, host genetic variation, immunity
A

microepidemiology

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4
Q

Which institution monitors national health statistics, issues weekly morbidity and mortality reports, responds to situations to learn more about origin/transmission dynamics, and provides electronic health statistics?

A

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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5
Q

What organization is global in scale and provides information about many health issues?

A

The World Health Organization (WHO)

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6
Q

Name four things the distribution of a parasite is influenced by WITHIN POPULATIONS:

A

1) host age
2) sex
3) social and economic status
4) diet and ecological conditions that factor completion of life cycles

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7
Q

How are pinworms an example of how a parasite is distributed?

A

Influenced by age – children are a source of parasites for the entire family

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8
Q

How is leishmania an example of how parasites are distributed?

A

Infections often occur in agricultural workers (shows how occupation plays a role in health)

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9
Q

Vehicles by which infections are transmitted from one host to another – provide two examples

A

Vectors; snails and blood-sucking arthropods

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10
Q

What are the two most medically important vectors and what do they carry?

A
  • mosquitos (malaria)

- snails (blood flukes/schistosomes)

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11
Q

How does malaria illustrate the need to understand vector biology as a means of control?

A

Standing water is a good breeding ground for mosquitos – difficult to eliminate as this may be the only available source of water for drinking/bathing

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12
Q

How does Egyptian agricultural practices illustrate the need to understand vector biology?

A

Irrigation ditches are the ideal environments for snails, which are intermediate hosts for schistosomes

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13
Q
  • a natural set of conditions under which it is predicted for a disease to occur
  • a landmark of parasitology (scientists could recognize and predict where diseases could occur and could thus be controlled)
A

A natural “nidus” or focus (part of landscape epidemiology)

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14
Q

Name four knowledge factors influencing landscape epidemiology within the nidus:

A
  • Climate
  • Plant and animal population densities
  • Geological conditions
  • Human activities
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15
Q

What type of mapping can be used to reveal vegetation and land-use patterns?

A

Geographic information systems

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16
Q

Name two diagnostic groups that have been helpful

A
  • IsoCode STIX (allows samples to be collected and transported for processing)
  • Human Genome Project (opened opportunities for epidemiologists to address public health problems)
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17
Q

What type of descriptors are the the following

  • numbers of parasites
  • reproductive success/fitness
A

quantitative descriptors

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18
Q

when talking about parasite communities, what two terms are used?

A

mean intensity and prevalence (can also include density, abundance, etc.)

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19
Q

large parasites that do not multiply in or on a host, occur in aggregated populations, most hosts uninfected or lightly infected

provide examples

A

macroparasites; adult tapeworms, trematodes, nematodes, arthropods

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20
Q

small parasites that do multiply within a host

provide examples

A

microparasites; trypanosomes, apicomplexans, amoebas

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21
Q

List four things a complete quantitative description of parasitic populations might include

A
  • counts
  • measurements
  • determination of sexes
  • determination of maturity
22
Q

when a single host can harbor many species

A

parasite community

23
Q

are parasites autotrophic or heterotrophic and what does this mean?

A

heterotrophic; they can only obtain energy from other sources (existing organic mcs, nitrogen, and amino acids)

24
Q

how to tapeworms and acanthocephalans feed without a digestive tract?

A

they absorb sugars and amino acids across their surface/through uptake sites on their plasma membrane

25
Q

what does tick saliva contain?

A

an anticoagulant

26
Q

True or false: parasites always live at higher trophic levels than their hosts

A

False; parasites make up a substantial fraction of biomass/can be important indicators of biodiversity bc tells which intermediate hosts are present and larval stages indicate habitat

27
Q

In terms of parental care and reproductive success, how do parasites function?

A
  • little parental care
  • low reproductive success leads to high reproductive potential –> heavy energy investment to counteract low probability of offspring success
28
Q

how can parasites increase their reproductive potential?

A
  • asexual reproduction/hermaphroditism
  • helpful because they do not have to find another member of their species to reproduce
  • high egg production
29
Q
  • the nucleus divides multiple times before cytokinesis
  • simultaneous production of multiple daughter cells
  • leads to millions of offspring in very few days
A

schizogony/multiple fission

30
Q

what is the life cycle of coccidia

A

schizogony (asexual) –> gametes –> cyst form outside of host

31
Q

what is binary fission most common among?

A

free-living protozoa

32
Q

provide examples of asexual reproduction during immature stages

A
  • metacestodes of tapeworms
  • cysticerci of taenia
  • hydatid cysts of echinococcus
33
Q
  • when embryo generations are produced within the body of prior generations
  • many embryos develop from a single zygote

who is this exhibited by

A

polyembryony; flukes/trematodes

34
Q

life cycle of a fluke/trematode

A

eggs –> miracidia –> sporocysts give rise to daughter sporocysts that each produce rediae –> cercariae

35
Q

when a parasite can fertilize its own eggs, does not produce unusual genetic recombinations (does guarantee offspring)

A

hermaphroditism

36
Q

what is the continual asexual reproduction in tapeworms known as (leads to the production of proglottids)

A

strobilization

37
Q

how do leucochloridium change their behavior to enhance the likelihood of a host encounter

A
  • pigement in sporocysts move into snail tentacles and pulsate to look like caterpillars
  • goal to get land snails eaten by insectivorous birds
38
Q

how to acanthacephalans alter their behavior?

A

change the color of amphipod, leads to photactic behavior where the IH swims to the water’s surface

39
Q

the study of relationships between organisms and their environments

A

ecology

40
Q

when the host is the parasite’s environment, what four things need to be considered

A
  • taxonomy
  • transmission
  • population dynamics
  • evolutionary history
41
Q

what two things make the host as an environment ideal?

A
  • hosts are nutrient dense

- they can regulate body temperature

42
Q

why do adaptation often come about?

A
  • so the life stage can better survive the abiotic conditions existing between hosts
  • because hosts can defend themselves (immune response)
43
Q

which step do parasite control strategies often target

A

reducing probability of host-parasite encounter

44
Q

what is niche often determined by?

A

host diet, physiological condition, and the presence of other parasites

45
Q

how do nematodes in testudo graeca demonstrate how parasites occupy different niches?

A

they live in the large intestine but are restricted radially from the center to the mucosa

46
Q

when an organism inhabits a cavity of an animal’s body; when an organism lives in the tissues of a host

A

coelozoic; histozoic

47
Q

where do most endoparasites live?

A

in the GI tract

48
Q

what provides evidence of parasite adaptation to a habitat within a host

A

site specificity

49
Q

what is an example of site specificity

A

toxoplasma gondii in the retina vs. taenia in the chamber

50
Q

there is evidence for many ——— within a host

A

microenvironments

51
Q

blank

A

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MIP 260 (13 decks)

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