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MIP 260 > Cestodia > Flashcards

Cestodia Flashcards

1
Q
  • head region
  • deep or shallow, smooth or fimbriated, proteinaceous hooks accompany this
  • in GI tract for nutrients/possess organs that allow for attachment
A
  • scolex
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2
Q
  • genital pores lateral or medial
  • vitellaria scattered throughout segment
  • testes are numerous
  • uterine pore present
A

diphyllobothridia characteristics

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3
Q
  • made up of many individual proglittids

- growth takes place at anterior end of worm

A

strobila (strobilization)

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4
Q

Where are the older proglottids located?

A

the posterior end

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5
Q

are tapeworms considered segmented?

A

no because the tegument and muscle fibers are continuous

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6
Q

what can the end of a tapeworm do?

A

detach, disintegrate (apolysis), release eggs via pores

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7
Q

section with organs that allow the organism to attach to the host GI tract

A

head/scolex region

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8
Q

suckers, grooves, hooks, spines, glands, tentacles

A

examples of scolex structures

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9
Q
  • cup-shaped, ovoid, muscular structures

- 4 in tapeworms

A

acetabula in tapeworms

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10
Q
  • usually 2-6
  • shallow pits or long grooves
  • lateral or dorsoventral
A

bothria

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11
Q
  • muscular
  • usually 4
  • project from scolex, +/- mobile
  • leaf-like margins
  • found in ocean environment
A

bothridia

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12
Q
  • important in its absorptive capacity (no mouth or digestive tract)
  • living tissue with high metabolic activity
A

tegument

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13
Q
  • outer finger like projections that cover worm surface and suckers
  • large absorptive area
A

microtriches

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14
Q
  • highly ornate
  • have four kinds of microtriches existing on the scolex
  • filamentous
A

tegument of marine tapeworms (tetraphyllideans, trypanorhynchs)

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15
Q
  • can copulate with self
  • others in the strobili (proglottid chain)
  • other worms
A

how proglottids replicate

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16
Q

are tapeworms typically monecious or diecious?

A

monecious— each segment has male and female reproductive systems (advantageous to reproduction if spread out in ocean)

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17
Q

sperm transferred and oocytes fertilized —> male organs mature first and sperm are stored until ovary matures

  • two hosts, sexually mature tapeworms live in intestine
A

life cycle of tapeworm

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18
Q
  • tapeworm affecting dogs
  • passed through feces, egg and larval stages
  • flea ingested by dog
  • egg packets
A

dipylidium caninum

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19
Q
  • people eat undercooked pork containing cysts
  • mature in intestine
  • passed in stool
A

taenia solium

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20
Q
  • smash with cover slide to observe eggs

- problem = may not be gravid

A

squash prep

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21
Q
  • crustacean first IH

- fish 2nd intermediate host

A

life cycle of diphylloborthriidea

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22
Q
  • crustacean to small fish to predator to human
  • from eating undercooked fish
  • unembryonated eggs in water
A

diphyllobothrium latum

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23
Q
  • sperm whales
  • 30 m long
  • each segment has 4 to 14 sets of genetalia
A

hexagonoporus physeteris

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24
Q
  • intestinal parasites of freshwater fish
  • fewer than 10cm
  • monozoic (no generation of proglottids)
  • simple scolex that is never armed, contains loculi
A

caryophyllidea

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25
Q
  • motile anterior end
  • one proglottid
  • catfish, minnows, and suckers are most common hosts
A

caryophyllidea

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26
Q
  • parasites of marine and freshwater fish
  • complete absence of segmentation
  • scolex unarmed
  • no life cycles known
  • linear set of proglottids
A

spathebothriidea

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27
Q
  • tapeworms of birds and mammals
  • 4 acetabula
  • veterinary importance
  • rostellum may or may not posses hooks
  • single vitelline gland
  • genital pores lateral
  • most species small
  • development in-utero, non-violated hecacanth embryo
  • non-operculate shell
A

cyclophyllideans

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28
Q
  • family containing largest cyclophyllidean tapeworms
  • most medically important
  • armed rostellum on most species
  • larval stages called metaceatodes
A

Taeniidae

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29
Q
  • human definitive host or intermediate host
  • larval form cysticercus
  • DH by eating undercooked muscle tissue of pig
A

taenia solium

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30
Q
  • harbor in organs (subcutaneous connective tissues most common followed by eye, brain, muscles, etc)
  • gets to other locations through bloodstream
  • 138 cases in US
A

cysticercosis

31
Q
  • hooved animals are DH
  • large tapeworms (up to 6 meters)
  • proglottids more wide than long
  • unarmed scolex
A

anoplocephalidae

32
Q
  • sheep, cattle, goats
  • eggs in square shapes/triangles
  • eggs posses pyriform apparatus, embryophore with hook/horn-like extensions
  • mite intermediate host
A

monezia

33
Q
  • widespread carnivores
  • worldwide distribution
  • medioventral position of genital pores
  • scolex with four simple suckers, no rostellum
  • may undergo asexual reproduction in a definitive host
  • undercooked meat
A

mesocestoides

34
Q
  • can be free-living or parasitic/plants or insects

- bilaterally symmetrical, elongated, tapered at both ends, possess a pseudocoel, mouth anterior anus posterior

A

nematodes

35
Q

form of the lumen of pharynx and esophagus

A

triradiate

36
Q
  • muscles of body wall are 1 layer thick
  • arranged in circular layer
  • mostly dioecious, some hermaphroditic and some parthenogenetic
  • most oviparous (lay eggs), some ovoviviparous (eggs hatch and give rise to larvae)
A

nematodes

37
Q
  • vary in size (1mm to 10m)
  • carbohydrate-rich surface coat over cuticle, may be important in immune evasion
  • markings on cuticle can help differentiate
  • alae = circular thickenings
A

nematodes

38
Q
  • musculature, pseudocoel, fluid it contains, and cuticle

- enclosed noncompressible fluid moved by muscles responsible for s shaped movement in nematodes

A

the hydrostatic skeleton

39
Q
  • wide and shallow muscle cells with contractile portion close to epidermis
  • spindle shaped muscle cells that are contractile
A

platymyarian muscle cells and coelomyarian muscle cells

40
Q
  • mouth (circular opening with max of 6 lips), gut, and anus (buccal cavity in between)
  • shedding of cuticle lining
A

nematode digestive system

41
Q

which stages are typically in the environment for nematodes and in the host?

A

1st larval stage passed into environment, 3rd stage infection in the host

42
Q

blood, tissue cells, fluids, intestinal contents

A

What can nematodes use as food?

43
Q

List two important structures required for reproduction in nematodes for males and females

A

male - copulatory spicule

female - uterus

44
Q

usually 4 juvenile stages and an adult stage separated by ecdysis or molting (increase in size after final molt)

A

typical development of a nematode

45
Q
  • parasitic in nearly all organs and tissues

- affects all classes of vertebrate

A

capillaridae

46
Q
  • parasite of the liver
  • predominately rodents (some humans)
  • eggs deposited in liver/transmission depends on eggs being released from liver (consumption by predator, decomposition after death)
  • eggs cannot embryonate in the liver –> in soil
  • loss of liver cells/function, hepatomegaly
A

calodium hepatica

47
Q
  • intestinal parasite of humans
  • epidemic in Luzon
  • also reported in Thailand, Iran, Japan, and Egypt
A

Paracapillaria philippinensis

48
Q

lung parasite of dogs, cats, and other carnivores

A

Eucoleus aerophilus

49
Q
  • affects esophagus and crop chickens, turkeys, and other birds
  • requires an earthworm IH
A

eucoleus annnulata

50
Q
  • blood red blunt end nematodes that are large
  • found in mammals around the world
  • males have bell-shaped bursa
  • eggs are lemon shaped
  • eggs require 2 weeks to 3 months to embryonate (temperature dependent)
  • from fish diet –> raw or undercooked
  • can cause loss of kidney function
A

dioctophyme renale

51
Q
  • small in size
  • species alternate between free-living and parasitic generations
  • may inhabit soil, decaying matter, decaying fruit
A

tylenchina suborder of nematode

52
Q
  • both sexes of free-living adults have a rhabditiform esophagus
  • parasitic females burrow into small intestine
  • eggs hatch as they are passed through the DI tract
  • infection by skin penetration
  • free living adults can produce successive generations of free-living adults
  • may undergo autoinfection, immunocompromised hosts can lead to hyperinfection
  • through contact with contaminated water or soil
  • lung phase may be mistaken for asthma
  • diagnose using baermann or serodiagnosis by ELISA for antigens
A

strongyloides stercoralis

53
Q
  • nodular worms of livestock
  • large intestine of ruminants and non-human primates
  • developing juveniles form nodules in walls of intestines
A

oesophagostomum

54
Q
  • largest nematodes
  • female has white ovaries wrapped around her intestine (“barber pole worm”)
  • male bursa present
  • live in fourth stomach of ruminants
  • can cause severe anemia in heavy infections
  • single well developed tooth in buccal cavity
A

haemonchus contortus

55
Q
  • brown stomach worm
  • rudimentary, lacks tooth
  • life cycle similar to Haemonchus but L4s burrow into mucosa of abdomen to molt
A

ostertagia

56
Q
  • the smallest abomasal nematodes
  • small intestine parasite of ruminants
  • colorless, unarmed buccal cavity
  • worms burrow and molt in mucosa
  • causes damage to intestinal epithelium
A

trichostrongylus

57
Q
  • diluting population with susceptible worms
A

refugia

58
Q
  • gapeworm of poultry
  • adults live in trachea of bird hosts (gasping and gaping)
  • eggs coughed up, swallowed, and passed into environment
  • earthworm/arthropod potential paratenic host
A

syngamus trachea

59
Q
  • adults in bronchi and bronchioles
  • eggs hatch in host and are found in feces
  • GI tract –> bloodstream –> lungs
  • long and slender worms
  • use bayermann
A

dictyocaulus

60
Q
  • discovered in pulmonary arteries and hearts of rats –> humans
  • snail/slug IH
  • humans accidental hosts –> eosinophilic meningitis
  • small, slender worm
A

angiostrongylus cantonensis

61
Q
  • females swollen and bright red (only ends retain nematode appearance)
  • parasites of aquatic birds
  • eggs embryonated when laid
  • IH crustaceans or insects
  • DH water birds, chickens, owls, hawks
A

tetrameres

62
Q
  • terrestrial counterpart of tetrameres
  • glands of insectivorous birds
  • swollen females twisted into spiral
  • IH crustacean/insect
  • little effect on host health
A

microtetrameres

63
Q
  • upper digestive tract of birds and mammals
  • cuticle covered with bosses/scutes
  • alae and papillae present
A

gongylonematidae

64
Q
  • found in ruminants and swine
  • IH dung beetle/cockroach
  • many human cases of infection
  • invade esophagus, causing irritation and bleeding
A

gongylonema pulchrum

65
Q
  • responsible for esophageal cancer in dogs
  • stout worm/bright pink in color
  • mouth w/ lips, cylindrical embryonated eggs
  • adults found in clusters in GI tract
  • IH beetles
  • paratenic hosts: birds, reptiles, mammals
A

spirocerca lupi

66
Q
  • right side of heart and pulmonary artery of dogs and other mammals
  • found in humans but do not mature (worms harbor wolbachia)
  • transmission through mosquitos
  • treated through preventatice heartworm meds
A

dirofilaria immitis

67
Q
  • respiratory insufficiency
  • chronic cough
  • vomiting
  • exercise intolerance
A

clinical signs of heartworm in cats

68
Q
  • immunodiagnostics

- detection of microfilariae in the blood (can be confused with other non-pathogenic species)

A

diagnostics for heartworm

69
Q
  • disease caused by large filaroid worm
  • common in Africa and South America
  • causes river blindness/skin disease
  • adults live under skin
  • humans only definitive host
  • diagnose with skin snip
A

onchocerca volvulus

70
Q
  • parasites of arthropods
  • elongated, active worms
  • emerge from hind ends of hosts when they fall into water
  • tangled masses resembling Gordian knot (mating events)
  • adults not encountered very often in nature
A

Nematomorpha/Gordian worms/horsehair worms

71
Q

which subgroup are most hairworms a part of

A

gordiida (not nectonematida)

72
Q
  • adults are long, cylindrical, and filamentous
  • mature worms pure white to almost black or brown
  • calotte = light colored area followed by pigmented ring
  • females larger than males
  • thick cuticle body wall ornate with areoles
  • nervous system = calotte, highly innervated/may be photosensitive
  • reduced digestive system with no mouth
  • coiling movements
  • dioecious
  • cannot be reared in a laboratoru/nutrients likely taken up across surfaces as adults do not feed (remain active in cool water)
A

nematomorpha

73
Q
  • juveniles in arthropods
  • transition to adult stage in water (infected insects more likely to go swimming)
  • mating occurs upon emergence
  • females produce millions of eggs on vegetation –> arise to larvae
  • aquatic invertebrates consume
A

life cycle of nematomorpha

MIP 260 (13 decks)

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