immunology 1

Question 1

what are the physical barriers to pathogens?

Answer 1

skin

reproductary, respiratory and digestive tracts

Question 2

what is mucus produced by?

Answer 2

goblet cells

Question 3

how does mucus aid in preventing pathogens causing harm?

Answer 3

prevents attachment of invading pathogens
contains antimicrobial enzymes such as growth inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors and lysins which kill invading organisms
contains immunoglobins which help destroy pathogens

Question 4

what are the differences between the innate and adaptive immune system?

Answer 4

innate: non-specific, first to come into play, same response time and time again
adaptive: highly specific, immunological memory, antibody production

Question 5

what is the name of the small vesicle a macrophage makes when it first engulfs a bacterium?

Answer 5

phagosome

Question 6

what does a phagosome fuse with?

Answer 6

lysosome

Question 7

where are macrophages made?

Answer 7

bone marrow

Question 8

when macrophages first come out of the bone marrow and enter the blood what are they known as?

Answer 8

monocytes

Question 9

what three states of readiness can macrophages exist in?

Answer 9

resting
primed
APC
(hyperactivated)

Question 10

what produces redness and swelling?

Answer 10

redness - macrophages give off chemicals that restrict blood flow from site of injury
swelling - contraction of endothelial cells allows fluid to leak

Question 11

what do macrophages produce to alert other cells to the danger and induce them to travel to the site of injury?

Answer 11

cytokines

Question 12

what is the most abundant white blood cell?

Answer 12

neutrophil

Question 13

how long can neutrophils survive in the blood before apoptosis is induced?

Answer 13

around 6 hours

Question 14

what is chemotaxis?

Answer 14

the process where neutrophils follow a trail of chemical attractants known as chemokines to the site of inflammation

Question 15

what are 3 important things to remember about eosinophils?

Answer 15

• help combat parasitic infections
• involved in allergy and asthma
• granules contain many enzymes

Question 16

what does mast cell degranulation cause?

Answer 16

anaphylactic shock

Question 17

what is the most famous chemical found in granules of mast cells?

Answer 17

histamine

Question 18

what is the least common granulocyte with 2 lobes?

Answer 18

basophil

Question 19

what are the four non-specific humoral factors found within body fluids with protective functions?

Answer 19

• growth inhibitors
• enzyme inhibitors
• lysins
• complement proteins

Question 20

what are the three activation pathways of the complement system?

Answer 20

• classical
• alternative
• lectin

Question 21

what is the outcome of the compliment system?

Answer 21

lysis of the target cell and/or opsonisation of pathogens

MAC

Question 22

how many individual proteins does the complement system consist of?

Answer 22

20

Question 23

name a protein on the cell surface which protects human cells from the complement attacking our own cells?

Answer 23

DAF

Question 24

What do C3a and C5a (the parts that are clipped off in the complement system) serve as?

Answer 24

chemoattractants - recruit other immune cells to site of infection
/ anaphylotoxins

Question 25

what are the functions of the complement?

Answer 25

• induce lysis of microbes
• promote phagocytosis of microbes
• stimulate inflammation
• stimulate activation o B cells and Ab production

Question 26

what is chronic inflammation?

Answer 26

a process which leads to a progressive shirt in the type of cells which are present at the site of inflammation and is characterised by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue