IMMUNOLOGIC PRINCIPLES

Question 1

Study of Immune System

Answer 1

IMMUNOLOGY

Question 2

Study of blood group specific Antigen and Antibody

Answer 2

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY

Question 3

It is the process of collection, processing, storage, preservation and proper disposal of blood for donation

Answer 3

BLOOD BANKING

Question 4

All antigens are immunogens but not all immunogens are antigens
T or F

Answer 4

F
All immunogens are antigens but NOT all antigens are immunogens

Question 5

These are the factors affecting immunogenicity

Answer 5

Foreignness
Chemical Complexity
High Molecular Weight
Digestibility
Dosage and Route of Administration
Accessibility of Reactive Sites

Question 6

It is the portion of a molecule or antigen that binds to an antibody or T Cell receptor

Answer 6

EPITOPE

Question 7

Low-molecular weight molecule that alone is too small to stimulate an immune response but can combine with another molecule to induce response

Answer 7

HAPTENS

Question 8

It is a compound that enhances an immune response which is not immunogenic and cant induce an antibody response alone

Answer 8

ADJUVANTS

Question 9

These are antigens that belong to the host

Answer 9

AUTOANTIGENS

Question 10

These antigens are from other members of the host’s species, and these are capable of eliciting an immune response

Answer 10

ALLOANTIGENS

Question 11

Antigens from other species such as plants, animals and microorganisms

Answer 11

HETEROANTIGENS

Question 12

These antigens exist in unrelated plants or animals but which are either identical or closely related in structure

Answer 12

HETEROPHILE ANTIGEN

Question 13

__________ Antigens dictates the blood group/Blood type of an individual

Answer 13

RBC Antigens

Question 14

RBC Antigens are detected through this type of reaction

Answer 14

Direct Hemagglutination Reaction

Question 15

Three methods of Agglutination Reaction

Answer 15

Slide Method
Tube Method
Gel Method

Question 16

Gel method for agglutination reaction is discovered by who?

Answer 16

DR. YVES LAPIERRE

Question 17

It is an immunological technique in which one of the reactants, either antibody or antigen is immobilized onto a solid medium and assay for either the antibody or antigen in question

Answer 17

SOLID PHASE RED CELL ADHERENCE

Question 18

This type of antigens is encoded by MHC genes located on chromosome 6 discovered by Jean Dausset

Answer 18

HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS

Question 19

It is called as the unresponsiveness to platelet transfusion because of the ANTI-HLA that binds and destroys HLA on platelet surface

Answer 19

PLATELET REFRACTORINESS

Question 20

Glycoproteins that are produced in response to antigenic stimulation, also known as immunoglobulins

Answer 20

ANTIBODIES

Question 21

Basic functional and structural unit of antibodies

Answer 21

MONOMER

Question 22

CHAIN OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Answer 22

IgG- gamma chain
IgA- alpha chain
IgM- mu chain
IgD- delta chian
IgE- epsilon chain

Question 23

These 3 are the most commonly encountered antibody in Blood Bank

Answer 23

IgM
IgG
IgA

Question 24

It is a type of antibody digestion that has 2 remaining identical fragments found to have antigen-binding capacity, one fragment is crystallized at 4C

Answer 24

PAPAIN DIGESTION

Question 25

This type of antibody digestion has one single fragment with a molecular weight of 100,000 d and all the antigen-binding ability known as Fab2

Answer 25

PEPSIN DIGESTION

Question 26

What are the functions of Antibody?

Answer 26

Binds with antigen
Opsonization
Complement fixation and activation

Question 27

This complex leads to the activation of complement system which leads to the lysis of cell

Answer 27

Antibody-Antigen complex

Question 28

Opsonin of complement system

Answer 28

C3B

Question 29

It is the migration of phagocytes toward the site of infection or inflammation

Answer 29

CHEMOTAXIS

Question 30

Chemotaxin of the complement system

Answer 30

C5a

Question 31

Anaphylatoxins of the complement system

Answer 31

C3a, C4a, C5a

Question 32

What are the 3 pathway of the complement system

Answer 32

Classical Pathway- antibody-independent pathway
Alternative Pathway- Properdin system
Lectin Pathway- major constituent is mannose-binding lectin

Question 33

Aside from Agglutination, ____________ is considered as a positive result in blood banking tests.

Answer 33

HEMOLYSIS

Question 34

It is the initial force of attraction between single binding sites on the antigen and antibody

Answer 34

AFFINITY

Question 35

Sum total of all forces of attraction between multivalent antigens and multivalent antibodies

Answer 35

AVIDITY

Question 36

Antibody will only react against an antigen that has caused its production

Answer 36

SPECIFICITY

Question 37

What are the 2 steps in Agglutination?

Answer 37

Sensitization- initial binding of antibodies to red cell antigens
Lattice Formation- Formation of networks of antigen-antibody complex

Question 38

Ideal Serum to Cell Ratio in blood banking

Answer 38

40:1

Question 39

Factors affecting sensitization

Answer 39

Serum to Cell Ratio- 40:1
Incubation Time- 15 minutes
Incubation Temperature- Room Temp IgM, 37C IgG
pH- Ideal is 6.7-7.2
Ionic strength of the medium- Use Low ionic strength saline

Question 40

Factors affecting Lattice Formation

Answer 40

Zeta Potential
Optimum Concentration of Ab and Ag
Effect of centrifugation

Question 41

Enhancement/Reaction Media for Zeta Potential Lattice Formation

Answer 41

22% Bovine Serum Albumin- neutralizes negative charge of RBC (30 mins)
Low Ionic Strength Saline- decrease incubation time (10-15mins)
Polyethylene Glycol- remove water to concentrate Ab
Enzymes (Papain, Ficin, Bromelin)- Enhance or destroy certain RBC Ag

Question 42

What is the most common sample in blood bank testing

Answer 42

2-5% RED CELL SUSPENSION

Question 43

FORMULA FOR RED CELL SUSPENSION

Answer 43

% Red Cell Suspension=Amount of Washed RBC x 100 over TOTAL VOLUME

Question 44

Color of 2-5% RCS

Answer 44

Tomato Red/Cherry Red