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MTAP 2 IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM > Flashcards

ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

No soluble antigen bodily fluid

A

CSF

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2
Q

Rule stating that normal, healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their red cells

A

Landsteiner Law/Rule

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3
Q

He demonstrated that an individual inherits one ABO gene from each parent and that these two genes determine which ABO antigens are present on the RBC membrane

A

Bernstein in 1924

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4
Q

Which chromosome is being ovcupied by ABO Gene

A

Chromosome 9

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5
Q

detection of antigen in the RBC using known antisera

A

Forward/Direct/RedCell Grouping

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6
Q

detection of antibodies in the patient’s serum using known red cells

A

Backward/ Indirect/ Reverse/Serum Grouping

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7
Q

Antisera Colors for Forward Blood Typing

A

A- Bromthymol Blue
B- Acriflavin Yellow

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8
Q

Presence of Anti-H Ag

A

Bombay Phenotype

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9
Q

process of dissociating antibody from red cell surface

A

ELUTION

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10
Q

process of removing antibodies in the serum using known red cells

A

ADSORPTION

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11
Q

Universal donor in Red cell transfusion

A

Blood type O

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12
Q

Universal recipient in Red Cell Transfusion

A

Blood type AB

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13
Q

Universal donor in Plasma transfusion

A

Blood type AB

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14
Q

Universal recipient in Plasma transfusion

A

Blood type O

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15
Q

A and B antigens are produced on ___ day of fetal life/ __ to
___ weeks of fetal life

A

37th day
5 to 6 weeks

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16
Q

It is the presence or absence of the ABH antigens on the red cell membrane

A

H gene

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17
Q

Presence or absence of ABH antigens in secretions

A

SE genes

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18
Q

What are the basic precursors of ABH antigen

A

Type 1 beta precursor chain (beta 1-3 linkage)
Type 2 precursor chain (beta 1-4 linkage)

19
Q

It is a type of precursor which has a linkage between the terminal D- galactose and N- acetylglucosamine, function as to produce soluble antigens that depends if it is a secretor or non-secretor

A

Type 1: Beta 1-3 linkage

20
Q

It is a type of precursor in which it has a linkage between the terminal D-galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, mainly for production of Ag in red cell membrane

A

Type 2: Beta 1-4 linkage

21
Q

Reactivity of anti-H antisera or anti-H lectin with ABO Blood Group

A

H Antigenicity

22
Q

Seed extracts that can agglutinate red cells with some degree of specificity.

A

LECTINS

23
Q

It is the type of phenotype characterized by Absence of H, A & B antigens

A

Bombay phenotype

24
Q

Reaction with Ulex europaeus

A

NEGATIVE

25
Q

Three Categories of BOMBAY Phenotype

A

H-deficient, Non secretor: Classic bombay
H-Partially Deficient ; Non Secretor: Weak forms of A and B antigens
H deficient Secretor: Para bombay

26
Q

Types of H antigen

A

H1 and H2- Simple straight chain glycolipids
H3 and H4- Complex/Branched chains

27
Q

B Phenotypes

A

B3- mixed field pattern of agglutination w/ anti-B and anti-AB
Bx- weak agglutination with anti-B and anti-AB antisera
Bm-unagglutinated by anti-B and anti-AB
Belm- unagglutinated by anti-B or anti-AB

28
Q

How to resolve ABO discrepancies

A

Repeat test on the same sample by using saline suspension of RBCs if the test was initially performed using RBCs suspended in serum or plasma

29
Q

What are the Clerical errors in IMHM laboratory processing

A

– Mislabeled tubes
– Patient misidentification
– Inaccurate interpretations recorded
– Transcription error
– Computer entry error

30
Q

What are the problems in Reagent and Equipment in IMHM laboratory

A

– Using expired reagents
– Using an uncalibrated centrifuge
– Contaminated or hemolyzed reagents
– Incorrect storage temperatures

31
Q

What are the Procedural errors in IMHM laboratory

A

– Reagents not added
– Manufacturer’s directions not followed
– RBC suspensions incorrect concentration
– Cell buttons not resuspended before grading agglutination

32
Q

It is a group of discrepancy that caused unexpected reactions in reverse typing due to Weakly reacting or missing antibodies, and is the most common cause of ABO discrepancy

A

Group 1 Discrepancies

33
Q

Populations which can exhibit Group 1 discrepancy

A
  1. Newborns
  2. Elderlies
  3. Leukemic patients
  4. Patients taking immunosuppressive drugs
  5. Patient’s with congenital agammaglobulinemia 6. Patients with BM Transplantation
  6. Patients whose ABO antibodies are diluted with plasma transfusion or exchange
  7. ABO subgroups
  8. Chimerism- presence of two cell populations in a single individual
34
Q

Resolution for Group 1 discrepancies

A

Incubation of serum with reagent A1 and B cells at room temperature for 15 to 30 minutes

If no reaction after centrifugation, incubate at 4C for 15 to 30 minutes

35
Q

It is a type of group discrepancy in which unexpected reactions in the Forward grouping due to weakly reacting or missing antigens, less frequently encountered

A

Group 2 discrepancies

36
Q

It is a type of phenomenon that modifies immunodominant sugar of blood group A to Group B, negative reaction in autologous serum test

A

Acquired B phenomenon

37
Q

Acquired B antigen will not agglutinate in what pH

A

pH higher than 8.5
pH lower than 6.0

38
Q

What treatment is used for Acquired B Phenomenon

A

Acetic Anhydride

39
Q

What is the resolution for group 2 discrepancies

A

Incubate test mixture at room temperature for up to 30 minutes

If negative incubate at 4C for 15-30 minutes

Autocontrol and O must always be tested with patients sample

40
Q

This group causes problems in forward and reverse grouping due to PLASMA PROTEIN ABNORMALITIES which can result to rouleaux formation and pseudo-agglutination

A

Group 3 discrepancies

41
Q

What is the resolution for Group 3 discrepancies

A

Perform saline dilution or saline replacement technique

Washing cord cells six-eight times with saline to remove Wharton’s jelly

42
Q

Causes for group 4 discrepancies

A

Presence of cold-reactive autoantibodies (ANTI-I)

Patient has circulating RBC with more than one blood type (AB PATIENT)

Unexpected ABO isoagglutinins

Unexpected non-ABO isoagglutinins

Cis-AB- refers to inheritance of both AB genes from one parent carried on one chromosome and an O gene inherited from another parent

43
Q

Resolution for Group 4 discrepancies

A

Potent cold autoantibodies can cause spontaneous agglutination of the patient’s cells

RBCs could be incubated at 37oC for a short period, then washed with NSS and retyped

If not successful in resolving forward type, treat patient’s RBC with 0.01M dithiothreitol to disperse IgM related agglutination

As for the serum, the reagent RBCs and serum can be warmed to 37oC, then mixed, retested and read at 37oC

If the reverse typing is negative - Autoabsorption is done to remove autoantibody

Unexpected ABO is o agglutinins in the patient’s serum react at RT – A2 and A2B individuals who can produce naturally occurring anti-A1 and A1B who produce naturally occurring anti-H

Specificity of the antibody can be determined by examining the pattern of reactivity

Unexpected all o antibodies in the patient’s other than ABO is o agglutinins

Panel could be performed with the patient’s serum

MTAP 2 IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (9 decks)

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