IMMUNO SERO Flashcards
is the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
IMMUNOLOGY
function of the immune system is to recognize self from nonself and to defend the body against nonselfsystems
responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself ) material
IMMUNOLOGY
One of the deadliest diseases known to humans
SMALLPOX
a form of variolation used (in China)
insufflation
study of blood serum (the clear fluid that separates when blood clots)
SEROLOGY
earliest practice of variolation
Lady Mary
Wortley Montagu
generally considered to be the Father of
Immunology for his use of attenuated vaccine
Louis Pasteur
a phenomenon known as phagocytosis and a fundamental
part of the immune response
Elie Metchnnikoff
Components of the natural immune system: Cellular
-Mast cells
-Neutrophils
-Macrophages
Components of the natural immune system: Humoral
-Complement
-Lysozyme
-Interferon
Components of the Adaptive Immune System: Cellular
-T lymphocytes
-B lymphocytes
-Plasma cells
Components of the Adaptive Immune System: Humoral
-Antibodies
-Cytokines
are molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns )
These inflammatory components liberated from damaged cells include nucleic acids, intracellular proteins, extracellular
matrix components, oxidized lipids, crystals such as uric acids, silica, β-amyloid, and cholesterol
DAMPS (damage associated molecular patterns)
The receptors of the innate immune system that recognize these PAMPs are called
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Three groups of PRRs exist
- Secreted PRRs
- Phagocytosis receptors
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
type of adaptive immunity
- antibodies from mother to child
*immunoglobulins for rabies infection - attenuated vaccines
- Toxoids
- Convalescence plasma treatment
a substance that stimulates antibody
formation
antigen
ability to bind to an antibody or a
T lymphocyte antigen receptor but may not be able to evoke
an immune response initially.
antigen
all immunogens are antigens but not all
antigens are immunogens
true
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- Foreignness
- Degradability
- Molecular Weight
- Structural Stability
- Complexity
CHEMICAL NATURE
large organic molecules that are proteins or large polysaccharides and,
rarely, if ever, lipids.
excellent antigens because of their high molecularweight and
structural complexity
protein
considered inferior antigens because of their relative simplicity and lack of structural stability.
lipids
poor antigens because of relative simplicity, molecular
mflexibility, and rapid degradation
nucleic acids
combination of biochemical classes
Glycolipids and glycoproteins (HLA)
part of an antigen, reacts specifically with an antibody or T lymphocyte receptor.
epitope
antigenic but are not immunogenic
HAPTENS
immunogenic
hapten+ carrier protein
Cellular antigens of importance include histocompatibility antigens, autoantigens, and blood group antigens
ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN
intracellular pathogens
ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN
APC - T HELPER CELL( CD4) - MHC II
EXOGENOUS ANTIGEN (OUTSIDE )
Cellular antigens of importance include histocompatibility antigens, autoantigens, and
blood group antigens
ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN
Ag found on the membranes of almost all the cells of human body
Major
Histocompatability Antigens
targets of T lymphocytes
that regulate the immune response
Both class I and class II antigens function
Also known as “immunoglobulin”
ANTIBODY
glycoproteins found in the
serum portion of the blood, constitute approx. 20% of plasma
proteins.
antibody
Serum electrophoresis
proteins are separated out on the basis of size and charge
All immunoglobulin molecules are made up of a basic four chain tetrapeptide
unit that consist of
- 2 large chain called heavy or H chain
- 2 smaller chains called light or L chains
proteolytic enzymes used to
cleaved Antibody structres
-Papain
-pepsin
Present in blood, plasma, and tissue
fluids
Immunoglobulin G
Normal human adult serum values
of IgG
800 to 1800 mg/dL (90 to
210 IU/mL)
the longest of all of the Ig isotypes
IgG
The ability of a particular antibody to combine with a particular antigen
Specificity
occurs between bacteria that possess
the same cell wall polysaccharides as mammalian erythrocytes
Cross-reactivity
