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1. Imse > Immuno Part 1 Lec > Flashcards

Immuno Part 1 Lec Flashcards

1
Q

In the immunology laboratory, the most significant
hazard exists in obtaining and testing patient
specimens.

A

Biological hazard

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2
Q

Chain of infection

A

Host
Source
Mode of transmission

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3
Q

Under source

A

Handwashing
Biohazardous waste disposal
Decontamination
Specimen bagging

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4
Q

Under host

A

Standard precautions
Immunization
Healthy lifestyle
Exposure control plan
Post exposure prophylaxis

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5
Q

Under mode of transmission

A

Handwashing
Personnal protective equipment
Aerosol prevention
Disposable equipment
Pest control

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6
Q

Hand contact represents the number one method of
infection transmission.

A

Handwashing

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7
Q

Hands should always be washed at the following times:

A

before patient contact,
when gloves are removed
prior to leaving the work area
whenever the hands have been knowingly contaminated
before going to designated break areas
before and after using bathroom facilities.

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8
Q

Soap to use in handwashing

A

Antimicrobial soap

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9
Q

How many seconds or mins in handwashing

A

20 sec

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10
Q

What song you can use in hanwashing how many repetition

A

Happy birthday- 3x

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11
Q

When rinsing your hand the position should be

A

Downward position

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12
Q

With these type of viruses, we should have
now a strict adherence or guidelines published by

A

Center for disease control and prevention
Occupational safety health administration

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13
Q

LABORATORY GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS
Formulated by the

A

Center for disease control and prevention
Occupational safety health administration

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14
Q

Year when CDC instituted the Universal Precautions (UP).

A

1987

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15
Q

In 1987 CDC instituted the ____________

A

Universal Precautions (UP).

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16
Q

Universal precaution The guidelines recommend:

A

Wearing gloves
Wearing faceshield
Proper disposal of needle and sharps

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17
Q

Major disadvantage of Body substance isolation

A

Do not recommend handwashing after removal of gloves unless visual contact

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18
Q

BSI GUIDELINES:

A

Not limited blood borne pathogens
Wear gloves or personal protective equipment
Considered all body fluid or moist body substances as potentially infectious

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19
Q

Year when CDC combined the major features of UP and BSI guidelines and called the new guidelines as
standard precaution.

A

1996

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20
Q

In 1996 CDC combined the major features of UP and BSI guidelines and called the new guidelines as ____________.

A

standard precaution

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21
Q

In 1996 C DC combined the major features of _________ and _____________and called the new guidelines as
standard precaution.

A

Universal precautions
Body substance isolation guidelines

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22
Q

STANDARD PRECAUTION: Under this guidelines includes:

A
  • handwashing
  • gloves
  • mask, eye protection and face shield
  • gown/ lab gown
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23
Q

Patient care equipment:

A

a. Environmental control
b. Linen
c. Occupational health and Blood-borne
pathogens (e.g. HBV)
d. Patient Placement (isolation
precautio

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24
Q

Regulations for packaging and labeling developed by

A

United state department of transportation
International air transportation association

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25
Q

made of glass, metal, or
plastic with a positive (screw-on) cap.

A

Watertight primary container

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26
Q

Watertight primary container must be made of

A

glass
metal
plastic with a positive (screw-on) cap.

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27
Q

must be wrapped with enough
absorbent material to be capable of absorbing all of its
contents. Multiple specimens must be wrapped
individually prior to placing them in the leak-proof
secondary container.

A

Primary container

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28
Q

is placed in a sturdy outer
container made of corrugated fiberboard, wood, metal,
or rigid plastic. An itemized list of contents in a sealed
plastic bag is also placed in the outer container. Ice
packs are placed between the secondary and the outer
container. Additional measures must be taken when
using ice and dry ice.

A

Secondary container

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29
Q

During what year and date labeling of the outer container
changed.

A

January 2007

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30
Q

The terms clinical specimen and diagnostic
specimen have been replaced with

A

UN 3373 biological substances, Category B.

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31
Q

The scope of this can be human or animal
material, including blood and its components,
but it is not limited to the blood. This also deals
with the tissue fluids or body parts.

A

Un 3373 biological substance, category b

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32
Q

Sharp objects in the laboratory, including needles,
lancets, and broken glassware, present a serious
biological hazard for possible exposure to blood borne
pathogens caused by accidental puncture.

A

Sharp hazard

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33
Q

The number-one personal safety rule when handling
needles are to never__________ one.

A

Never manually recap

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34
Q

must be disposed of in puncture-resistant,
leak-proof containers labeled with the biohazard
symbol.

A

Sharps

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35
Q

Proper pouring of acid and water

A

Acid to water

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36
Q

When skin or eye contact occurs: immediately flush the
area with water for at least ____ minutes and seek
medical attention.

A

15 minutes

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37
Q

when chemical splashes in the eye it used.

A

Boric acid

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38
Q

provides a soothing relief
from eye irritation and helps remove pollutants
from the eye, such as the smug chlorine or
other chemicals.

A

Boric acid

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39
Q

contains information on physical and
chemical characteristics, fire, explosion reactivity, health
hazards, primary routes of entry, exposure limits and
carcinogenic potential, precautions for safe handling,
spill cleanup, and emergency first aid.

A

Material safety data sheet

40
Q

has
developed the Standard System for the Identification of
the Fire Hazards of Materials,

A

National fire protection association

41
Q

Shape of nfpa

A

Diamond

42
Q

Blue color:

A

Health hazard

43
Q

Yellow color:

A

Reactivity

44
Q

White color

A

Specific hazard

45
Q

Red color

A

Fire hazard

46
Q

is encountered in the clinical laboratory
when procedures using radioisotopes.

A

Radioactivity

47
Q

Radioactivity is encountered in the clinical laboratory
when procedures using _________.

A

radioisotopes

48
Q

Disposal of radioactive waste is regulated by the

A

Nuclear regulatory comission

49
Q

most frequently encountered region
label / radioactive waste

A

Iodine 123
Iodine 125
Iodine 131

50
Q

Radioactive hazard this can be dispose using a
process called

A

Tritiated hydrogen

51
Q

is collected aseptically by venipuncture into a
clean, dry, sterile tube.

A

Blood

52
Q

is the most frequently encountered specimen in immunological testing.

A

Serum

53
Q

serum is usually
recommended for testing.

A

Fresh
Non heat inactivated

54
Q

If testing cannot be performed immediately: the serum
must be stored between ________ for up to

A

2-8 C : 72hours

55
Q

If there is any additional delay in testing, the
serum should be frozen at

A

-20C or below

56
Q

a measured amount of a serum sample
is used directly for detection of antibodies.

A

Simple dilution

57
Q

in order for a visible end point to occur in a
serological reaction, the relative proportions of antigen
and antibody present are important.

A

Simple dilution

58
Q

A dilution involves two entities:

A

Solute
Diluent

59
Q

material being diluted (serum)

A

Solute

60
Q

a medium making up the rest of the
solution (NSS)

A

Diluent

61
Q

is very essential to
understand all the serological testing.

A

Serial dilution

62
Q

we are detecting the true concentration of the antibody.

A

Serial dilution

63
Q

Occasionally in the laboratory it is necessary to make a
very large dilution, and it is more accurate and less
costly to do this in several steps rather than all at once.
Such a process is known as a

A

Compound dilution

64
Q

The same approach is used, but the dilution occurs in
several stages.

A

Compound dilution

65
Q

Often used to obtain a titer, which is an indicator of the
antibody strengths

A

Serial dilution

66
Q

If, in each step of the dilution, the dilution factor is
exactly the same, this is known as a

A

Serial dilution

67
Q

A series of test tubes is set up with exactly the same
amount of diluent in each test tube.

A

Serial dilution

68
Q

Immunoassays have been developed to detect either
antigen or antibody, and they vary from easily performed
manual tests to highly complex automated assays.

A

Precipitation and agglutination reaction

69
Q

Both the manual tests and automated tests have
analytical sensitivity, but still the analytical sensitivity of
the automated tests is still different compared to the
manual tests

A

Precipitation and agglutination reaction

70
Q

involves combining soluble antigen with
soluble antibody to produce insoluble
complexes that are visible.

A

Precipitation

71
Q

The Immunoglobulin involved is _____ because it is
better at precipitation reactions than agglutination
reactions

A

Immunoglobulin G

72
Q

the process by which particulate antigens
aggregate to form larger complexes when a
specific antibody is present.

A

Agglutination

73
Q

Refers to the clumping of cells

A

Agglutination

74
Q

Immunoglobulin that is more efficient in
agglutination reaction

A

Immunoglobulin M

75
Q

is the visible aggregation of particles
caused by combination with specific antibody.

A

Agglutination

76
Q

Antibodies that produce such reactions are often called

A

Agglutinins

77
Q

is for antibodies and agglutinogens
is for antigens

A

Agglutinins

78
Q

Agglutination involves a two-step process:

A

Sensitization and lattice formation

79
Q

Types of particles participating in such reactions
include:

A

erythrocytes, bacterial cells, and inert carriers
such as latex particles.

80
Q

Agglutination reactions can be classified into several
distinct categories:

A

Direct agglutination
Indirect/passive agglutination
Coagglutination
Agglutination inhibition
AHG mediated agglutination

81
Q

in an ionic solution, red cells surround
themselves with cations to form an ionic cloud, which
keeps them about 25 nm apart.

A

Lattice formation

82
Q

Lattice formation
in an ionic solution, red cells surround
themselves with cations to form an ________, which
keeps them about 25 nm apart.

A

ionic cloud

83
Q

Lattice formation in an ionic solution, red cells surround
themselves with cations to form an ionic cloud, which
keeps them about __________ apart.

A

25 nm

84
Q

The antibodies of the ______ class often cannot bridge the distance
between the particles because of their small size.

A

IgG

85
Q

has a diameter of 35 nm,
so they are strong agglutinates.

A

IgM

86
Q

TYPES OF AGGLUTINATION REACTION

A
  1. Direct Agglutination
  2. Passive Agglutination (Indirect Agglutination)
  3. Reverse Passive Agglutination
  4. Agglutination Inhibition
  5. Coagglutination
  6. AHG-Mediated Agglutination
87
Q

occurs when antigens are found naturally on a particle.

A

Direct agglutination

88
Q

If an agglutination reaction involves red blood cells, it is
called

A

Hemagglutination

89
Q

Hemagglutination used Ig_____ type anti-A, anti-B,
Antisera and usually performed at room
temperature.

A

IgM

90
Q

The best example of this is direct agglutination

A

ABO blood typing

91
Q

Also called the indirect type of agglutination reaction
that detects antibody.

A

Passive agglutination

92
Q

Agglutination occurs if the
antibody is present.

A

Indirect agglutination

93
Q

Employs particles that are coated with antigens not
normally found on their surfaces.

A

Passive agglutination

94
Q

Carrier Particles:

A

Erythrocytes
Latex particles
Gelatin
Silicate
Bentonite
Charcoal

95
Q

Antibody is attached to a carrier particle

A

Reverse passive agglutination

96
Q

The antibody must still be reactive and is joined in such
a manner that the active sites are facing outward

A

Reverse passive agglutination

97
Q

are based on
competition between particulate and soluble antigens
for limited antibody-combining sites, and a lack of
agglutination is an indicator of a positive reaction.

A

Agglutination inhibition

1. Imse (9 decks)

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