Immuno Part 1 Lec Flashcards
In the immunology laboratory, the most significant
hazard exists in obtaining and testing patient
specimens.
Biological hazard
Chain of infection
Host
Source
Mode of transmission
Under source
Handwashing
Biohazardous waste disposal
Decontamination
Specimen bagging
Under host
Standard precautions
Immunization
Healthy lifestyle
Exposure control plan
Post exposure prophylaxis
Under mode of transmission
Handwashing
Personnal protective equipment
Aerosol prevention
Disposable equipment
Pest control
Hand contact represents the number one method of
infection transmission.
Handwashing
Hands should always be washed at the following times:
before patient contact,
when gloves are removed
prior to leaving the work area
whenever the hands have been knowingly contaminated
before going to designated break areas
before and after using bathroom facilities.
Soap to use in handwashing
Antimicrobial soap
How many seconds or mins in handwashing
20 sec
What song you can use in hanwashing how many repetition
Happy birthday- 3x
When rinsing your hand the position should be
Downward position
With these type of viruses, we should have
now a strict adherence or guidelines published by
Center for disease control and prevention
Occupational safety health administration
LABORATORY GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS
Formulated by the
Center for disease control and prevention
Occupational safety health administration
Year when CDC instituted the Universal Precautions (UP).
1987
In 1987 CDC instituted the ____________
Universal Precautions (UP).
Universal precaution The guidelines recommend:
Wearing gloves
Wearing faceshield
Proper disposal of needle and sharps
Major disadvantage of Body substance isolation
Do not recommend handwashing after removal of gloves unless visual contact
BSI GUIDELINES:
Not limited blood borne pathogens
Wear gloves or personal protective equipment
Considered all body fluid or moist body substances as potentially infectious
Year when CDC combined the major features of UP and BSI guidelines and called the new guidelines as
standard precaution.
1996
In 1996 CDC combined the major features of UP and BSI guidelines and called the new guidelines as ____________.
standard precaution
In 1996 C DC combined the major features of _________ and _____________and called the new guidelines as
standard precaution.
Universal precautions
Body substance isolation guidelines
STANDARD PRECAUTION: Under this guidelines includes:
- handwashing
- gloves
- mask, eye protection and face shield
- gown/ lab gown
Patient care equipment:
a. Environmental control
b. Linen
c. Occupational health and Blood-borne
pathogens (e.g. HBV)
d. Patient Placement (isolation
precautio
Regulations for packaging and labeling developed by
United state department of transportation
International air transportation association
made of glass, metal, or
plastic with a positive (screw-on) cap.
Watertight primary container
Watertight primary container must be made of
glass
metal
plastic with a positive (screw-on) cap.
must be wrapped with enough
absorbent material to be capable of absorbing all of its
contents. Multiple specimens must be wrapped
individually prior to placing them in the leak-proof
secondary container.
Primary container
is placed in a sturdy outer
container made of corrugated fiberboard, wood, metal,
or rigid plastic. An itemized list of contents in a sealed
plastic bag is also placed in the outer container. Ice
packs are placed between the secondary and the outer
container. Additional measures must be taken when
using ice and dry ice.
Secondary container
During what year and date labeling of the outer container
changed.
January 2007
The terms clinical specimen and diagnostic
specimen have been replaced with
UN 3373 biological substances, Category B.
The scope of this can be human or animal
material, including blood and its components,
but it is not limited to the blood. This also deals
with the tissue fluids or body parts.
Un 3373 biological substance, category b
Sharp objects in the laboratory, including needles,
lancets, and broken glassware, present a serious
biological hazard for possible exposure to blood borne
pathogens caused by accidental puncture.
Sharp hazard
The number-one personal safety rule when handling
needles are to never__________ one.
Never manually recap
must be disposed of in puncture-resistant,
leak-proof containers labeled with the biohazard
symbol.
Sharps
Proper pouring of acid and water
Acid to water
When skin or eye contact occurs: immediately flush the
area with water for at least ____ minutes and seek
medical attention.
15 minutes
when chemical splashes in the eye it used.
Boric acid
provides a soothing relief
from eye irritation and helps remove pollutants
from the eye, such as the smug chlorine or
other chemicals.
Boric acid
contains information on physical and
chemical characteristics, fire, explosion reactivity, health
hazards, primary routes of entry, exposure limits and
carcinogenic potential, precautions for safe handling,
spill cleanup, and emergency first aid.
Material safety data sheet
has
developed the Standard System for the Identification of
the Fire Hazards of Materials,
National fire protection association
Shape of nfpa
Diamond
Blue color:
Health hazard
Yellow color:
Reactivity
White color
Specific hazard
Red color
Fire hazard
is encountered in the clinical laboratory
when procedures using radioisotopes.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is encountered in the clinical laboratory
when procedures using _________.
radioisotopes
Disposal of radioactive waste is regulated by the
Nuclear regulatory comission
most frequently encountered region
label / radioactive waste
Iodine 123
Iodine 125
Iodine 131
Radioactive hazard this can be dispose using a
process called
Tritiated hydrogen
is collected aseptically by venipuncture into a
clean, dry, sterile tube.
Blood
is the most frequently encountered specimen in immunological testing.
Serum
serum is usually
recommended for testing.
Fresh
Non heat inactivated
If testing cannot be performed immediately: the serum
must be stored between ________ for up to
2-8 C : 72hours
If there is any additional delay in testing, the
serum should be frozen at
-20C or below
a measured amount of a serum sample
is used directly for detection of antibodies.
Simple dilution
in order for a visible end point to occur in a
serological reaction, the relative proportions of antigen
and antibody present are important.
Simple dilution
A dilution involves two entities:
Solute
Diluent
material being diluted (serum)
Solute
a medium making up the rest of the
solution (NSS)
Diluent
is very essential to
understand all the serological testing.
Serial dilution
we are detecting the true concentration of the antibody.
Serial dilution
Occasionally in the laboratory it is necessary to make a
very large dilution, and it is more accurate and less
costly to do this in several steps rather than all at once.
Such a process is known as a
Compound dilution
The same approach is used, but the dilution occurs in
several stages.
Compound dilution
Often used to obtain a titer, which is an indicator of the
antibody strengths
Serial dilution
If, in each step of the dilution, the dilution factor is
exactly the same, this is known as a
Serial dilution
A series of test tubes is set up with exactly the same
amount of diluent in each test tube.
Serial dilution
Immunoassays have been developed to detect either
antigen or antibody, and they vary from easily performed
manual tests to highly complex automated assays.
Precipitation and agglutination reaction
Both the manual tests and automated tests have
analytical sensitivity, but still the analytical sensitivity of
the automated tests is still different compared to the
manual tests
Precipitation and agglutination reaction
involves combining soluble antigen with
soluble antibody to produce insoluble
complexes that are visible.
Precipitation
The Immunoglobulin involved is _____ because it is
better at precipitation reactions than agglutination
reactions
Immunoglobulin G
the process by which particulate antigens
aggregate to form larger complexes when a
specific antibody is present.
Agglutination
Refers to the clumping of cells
Agglutination
Immunoglobulin that is more efficient in
agglutination reaction
Immunoglobulin M
is the visible aggregation of particles
caused by combination with specific antibody.
Agglutination
Antibodies that produce such reactions are often called
Agglutinins
is for antibodies and agglutinogens
is for antigens
Agglutinins
Agglutination involves a two-step process:
Sensitization and lattice formation
Types of particles participating in such reactions
include:
erythrocytes, bacterial cells, and inert carriers
such as latex particles.
Agglutination reactions can be classified into several
distinct categories:
Direct agglutination
Indirect/passive agglutination
Coagglutination
Agglutination inhibition
AHG mediated agglutination
in an ionic solution, red cells surround
themselves with cations to form an ionic cloud, which
keeps them about 25 nm apart.
Lattice formation
Lattice formation
in an ionic solution, red cells surround
themselves with cations to form an ________, which
keeps them about 25 nm apart.
ionic cloud
Lattice formation in an ionic solution, red cells surround
themselves with cations to form an ionic cloud, which
keeps them about __________ apart.
25 nm
The antibodies of the ______ class often cannot bridge the distance
between the particles because of their small size.
IgG
has a diameter of 35 nm,
so they are strong agglutinates.
IgM
TYPES OF AGGLUTINATION REACTION
- Direct Agglutination
- Passive Agglutination (Indirect Agglutination)
- Reverse Passive Agglutination
- Agglutination Inhibition
- Coagglutination
- AHG-Mediated Agglutination
occurs when antigens are found naturally on a particle.
Direct agglutination
If an agglutination reaction involves red blood cells, it is
called
Hemagglutination
Hemagglutination used Ig_____ type anti-A, anti-B,
Antisera and usually performed at room
temperature.
IgM
The best example of this is direct agglutination
ABO blood typing
Also called the indirect type of agglutination reaction
that detects antibody.
Passive agglutination
Agglutination occurs if the
antibody is present.
Indirect agglutination
Employs particles that are coated with antigens not
normally found on their surfaces.
Passive agglutination
Carrier Particles:
Erythrocytes
Latex particles
Gelatin
Silicate
Bentonite
Charcoal
Antibody is attached to a carrier particle
Reverse passive agglutination
The antibody must still be reactive and is joined in such
a manner that the active sites are facing outward
Reverse passive agglutination
are based on
competition between particulate and soluble antigens
for limited antibody-combining sites, and a lack of
agglutination is an indicator of a positive reaction.
Agglutination inhibition
