Immuno Flashcards
Name the conditions which shows spur cells
Liver disease
Abetalipoproteinemia
Name the conditions which shows burr cells
ESRD
Liver disease
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
What is Howell jolly bodies?
Basophilic nuclear remnants found in RBCs
Seen in asplenia or functional hyposplenia
Triad of diamond blackfan anemia
Macrocytic anemia
Triphalangeal thumb
Short stature
Popliteal lymph nodes received lymph from where?
Dorsolateral foot
Posterior calf
Internal iliac lymph nodes received lymph from where?
Lower rectum to above anal canal
Bladder
Prostate
Cervix
Middle third vagina
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes received from where?
Anal canal below pectinate line
Scrotum
Vulva
Skin below umbilical
Findings of post splenectomy
Howell jolly bodies
Target cells
Increase PLTs
Increase lymphocytes both due to loss of sequestration
HLA Of graves and hastimoto disease
DR3 for both
B8 for Graves
DR5 hashimoto
HLA for SLE
DR2 And 3
HLA For multiple sclerosis
DR2
HLA for Addison disease
B8 And DR4
Name the condition associated with diabetes in Male infant
IPEX
Immune dysregulation
Polyendocrine
Enteropathy
X linked
Most abundant immunoglobulin in serum and lowest concentration in serum
Former IgG
Latter IgE
Important point
If antigen is made up of lipid or lack a prepitide component = thymus independent antigen
And If antigen made up of peptide component = thymus dependent antigen
Important point
Angioedema and itching = mast cell activation either Type 1 HTN or direct mast cell activation
Angioedema w/o itching = due to excess bradykinin either due to C1 esterase deficient OR ACEI
Which interleukin decrease expression of MHC 2 and TH1 cytokines?
IL 10
Which cytokines increase MHC expression and antigen presentation by all cells?
Interferon gamma
Name the cytokines down regulates protein synthesis and upregulate MHC expression in virus infected cells
Interferon alpha and beta
What is serum sickness?
Occur after exposure to drug or infection HBV
Fever, hives, joint pain, protein in urine and enlarged lymph nodes
What is Arthur rxn?
Injection of antigen in pre sensitise individuals result immune complex formation
-Edema, necrosis and activation Of complement
Triad of Hyper IgE Syndrome
Infection
Retained primary teeth
Coarse facies with cold abscess
Hyper IgE Syndrome Occur due to:
Deficiency or TH17 cells due to STAT3. Mutation result no recruitment of neutrophils to sites of infection
Triad of ataxia telangiectaisa
Imbalance due to cerebellum
Spider angioplasty
Decrease IgA IgG And IgE
Name the x linked immun deficiency
Bruton
Hyper Igm Syndrome
WAS
CGD
Name the monoclonal antibody which target complement protein C5
Eculizumab given in PNH
Name the monoclonal antibody given in CD25 which is part of IL 2 receptor
Daclizumab
Name the monoclonal antibody target IL 12/23
Ustekinumab
Mechanism of febrile non haemolytic transfusion reaction
Host antibody against donor HLA and WBCs
Or
Induce by cytokines present in store blood
Mechanism of acute haemolytic transfusion rxn
Host antibody against foreign antigen on donor RBCs
Or
ABO blood group incompatible
Name the sensory receptors which adapts quickly
Meissner corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Name the sensory area receptors which are large myelinated fibers
Meissner corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Merkel discs
Name the sensory receptor which has Dendritic endings with Finger tips, joints capsule
Ruffini corpuscles
Name the sensory receptors which adapts slowly
Merkel discs
Ruffini corpuscles
Important point
Free nerve ending has un-myelinated fibers in “C” Slow
And myelinated in A delta “fast”
Name the sensory receptors present in Glabrous (hairless) skin
Meissner corpuscles
Name the sensory receptors present in “Deep skin layers, ligaments and joints”
Pacinian corpuscles
Name the sensory receptor present in “Finger tips, superficial skin”
Merkel discs
Name the sensory receptor present in “Finger tips and joints”
Ruffini corpuscles
Name the sensory which get activated due to slippage of objects along surface of skin
Ruffini corpuscles
Back pain associated with positional and relieve with rest
Degenerative (osteoarthritis)
Back pain which radiated to legs and have sensory and motor findings
Radiculopathy (Disc Herniation)
Back pain increases on standing and decrease on flexion of spine
Spinal stenosis
Back pain which is constant and “worse at night” and without responsive to position changes
Spinal metastasis
Triad of vasomotor rhinitis
Occur due to sudden changes in temperature or Humidity
Or with exposure to odors or alcohol
Headache, anosmia and sinusitis
What is active error in medical error?
Occurs at level of frontline operator (eg, wrong JV pump dose programmed).
-Immediate impact.
What is latent error in medical error?
Accident waiting to happen.
Occurs in processes indirect from operator but impacts patient care (eg, different types ofIV pumps used within same hospital).
-
Name the medical root analysis
Root cause analysis
Failure mode and effect analysis
Root cause analysis
Retrospective approach.
-Applied after failure event to prevent recurrence.
Uses records and participant interviews to identify all the underlying problems (eg, process, people, environment, equipment, materials, management) that led to an error.
Failure mode and effects analysis
Forward-looking approach.
-Applied before process implementation to prevent failure occurrence.
Uses inductive reasoning to identify all the ways a process might fail and prioritizes them by their probability of occurrence and impact on patients.
What is safety culture?
Organizational environment in which everyone can freely bring up safety concerns without fear of censure.
-Facilitates error identification
-Event reporting systems collect data on errors for internal and external monitoring.
Human factors design
Forcing functions (those that prevent undesirable actions [eg, connecting feeding syringe to IV tubing]) are the most effective.
Standardisation ::improves process reliability (eg, clinical pathways, guidelines, checklists).
Simplification::reduces wasteful activities (eg, consolidating electronic medical records
Name the medicine NS5A inhibitors
-NS5A plays role in RNA replication
Ledipasvir
Ombitasvir
Name the medicine NS5B inhibitors
-Inhibits NS5B, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acting as a chain terminator.
Prevents viral RNA replication.
Sofosbuvir
Dasabuvir
Name the medicine NS3/4A inhibitors
-Inhibits NS3/4A, a viral prntease, preventing viral replication.
Grazoprevir
Simeprevir
Name the drugs which Denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes and Not sporicidal
Alcohols
Chlorhexidine
Quaternary amines
Important point very important point
**Chlorine::Oxidizes and denatures prnteins. Sporicidal.
**Ethylene oxide:: Alkylating agent. Sporicidal.
**Hydrogen peroxide::Free radical oxidation. Sporicidal.
**Iodine and iodophors:: Halogenation of DNA, RNA, and proteins. May be sporicidal
Important medicine of scabies and louse
**Permethrin (inhibits Na+ channel deactivation -neuronal membrane depolarization},
**ma lath ion (acetylchol i nesterase inhibitor},
**lindane (blocks CABA channels -neurotoxicity}.
Used to treat scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei} and lice (Pediculus and Pthirus}.
Important point
praziquantel (increase Ca2+ permeability, increases vacuolization},
Medicine for High risk for endocarditis and undergoing surgical or dental procedures
Amoxicillin
