Biochem Flashcards
Name the only apolipoprotein which originates from the intestine
B 48
Name the lipoprotein originated form both liver and intestine
HDL and also synthesis increases with alcohol
Different locations of xanthoma
Eruptive And pruritic xanthoma = Hyper-chylomicronemia
- Tendon xanthoma And Corneal arcus= Familial hyper-cholesterolemia
- Palmar xanthoma = Dysbeta-lipoproteinemia
Important point
lg carb/protein (eg, whey)= 4 kcal lg alcohol = 7 kcal
lg fatty acid= 9 kcal
(# letters = # kcal)
Triad of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Low glucose
Low ketones
Hyperammonemia
Triad of Systemic 1° carnitine deficiency
Low glucose
Low ketones
Hypotonia
Name the glycogen storage disease which cause enlarged liver
Von gierke disease with high lactate
Cori disease with hypotonia
Hers disease
Name the test to dx cystinuria or its stones
Urinary cyanide nitroprusside Test
What is MOA Of Benzoate, phenylacetate, or phenylbutyrate ?
react with glycine or glutamine, forming products that are excreted renally.
Name the ketogenic aa
Leucine lysine
Name the acidic and basic aa
Acidic are aspartate and glutamate
Basic arginine histidine and lysine
Name the glucogenic aa
Methionine histidine And valine
Name the body parts which have both enzymes to make fructose from sorbitol
LOS
L liver
O ovaries
S seminal vesicles
Name the drug which impaired complex 1 and 3
Complex 1= Rotenone/barbiturates
Complex 3 by antimycin
Name the poison impaired complex 4 and 5
Complex 4 by Cyanide CO azide
And
Complex 5 by oligomycin
Important point
All those poison or drugs which -ve complexes or increased membrane permeability decrease proton gradient in ETC cycle
Important point
Odd chain FA yield 1 propionyl COA precursor of glucose b/c of 3 carbons
Even chain not b/c it gives 2 carbon structure acetyl coa
Name the body parts which generate lactate
Vitamin B3 use by lactate dehydrogenase
RBCs WBC’s Medulla of kidney Lens and cornea Testes
Name the +ve and -ve regulators of PFK-1
+ve Regulators are;
AMP / F26 photostate
-ve Regulators
ATP
Citrate
Name the +ve and -ve regulators of F1-6 biphosphatase
-ve are
AMP And F 2-6 bis phosphate
+ve are
Citrate
Name the +ve and -ve regulators of Acetyl COA carboxylase
FA synthesis
+ve Regulators
Insulin®, citrate®
-ve Regulators
Glucagon palmitoyl-CoA
What are rxns occur after heavy alcohol intake?
Due to increased in NADH/NAD Ratio;
- Lactate due to pyruvate
- Low glucose due to oxaloacetate into malate
- FA liver due to DHAP—> Glycerol 3 phosphate
- Shut down Of TCA cycle result acetyl coa with be used in ketones production
Triad of Zinc deficiency
acrodermatitis enteropathica (defect in intestinal zinc absorption)
Decrease adult hair
Redness in body openings with disruption sense of taste
Name the enzymes which uses B2 as a co factor
succinate dehydrogenase
Glutathione reductase
What is Importance Of b5?
Essential component of coenzyme A (CoA, a cofactor for acyl transfers) and fatty acid synthase.
Name the syndrome which shows defect in palate, facial and cardia
Velocardiofacial syndrome
Why Calcium high in Williams syndrome?
Due to increased sensitivity to vit-D
Important point of chromosome
In 4
ADPKD (PKD2), achondroplasia, Huntington disease
In 9
Friedreich ataxia, tuberous sclerosis (TSCI)
In 13
Patau syndrome, Wilson disease, retinoblastoma (RBI), BRCA2
In 16
ADPKD (PKDI), a-globin gene defects (eg, a-thalassemia), tuberous sclerosis (TSC2)
In 17
Neurofibromatosis type I, BRCJ\l, TP53
Important point
Unbalanced translocations can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, and chromosomal imbalance (eg, Down syndrome, Patau syndrome).
Important point of anticipation
Disease which start with “F” have two same alphabets
Like
FraGile x = CGG
Friedreich ataxia = CAA
Triad of myotonic dystrophy
CTG
Abnormal expression of myotonin protein kinase
Male who have
Vision problem due to cataract
No sex due to gonadal atrophy
All these occur due to Early balding
X linked recessive disorder
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency,
Fabry disease,
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome,
Ocular albinism,
C6PD deficiency,
Hunter syndrome,
Bruton agammaglobulinemia,
Haemophilia A and B,
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome,
Duchenne (and Becker) muscular dystrophy
Name the x linked dominant disease
Fragile X CGG
Alport Syndrome
Hypophosphatemic rickets just like DM Type 2
Occur due to increased phosphate wasting at proximal tubule
Important point regarding uni parental disomy
Consider UPD in an individual manifesting a recessive disorder when only one parent is a carrier.
Important point regarding gonadal mosaicism
Gonadal mosaicism-mutation only in egg or sperm cells. If parents and relatives do not have the disease, suspect gonadal (or germline) mosaicism.
What is Cre lox System?
Can inducibly manipulate genes at specific developmental points (eg, to study a gene whose deletion causes embryonic death
What is RNA interference?
dsRNA is synthesized that is complementary to the mRNA sequence of interest.
When transfected into human cells, dsRNA separates and promotes degradation of target mRNA, “knocking down” gene expression.
Quadrant of flow cytometry
Cells in left lower quadrant -ve for both CD8 and CD3.
Cells in left upper quadrant +ve for CD3 and +ve for CD8.
Cells in right lower quadrant +ve for CDS and -ve for CD3. Right lower quadrant is empty because all CD8 expressing cells also express CD3.
Cells in right upper quadrant +ve for both CD8 and CD3 (red+ blue -purple).
Triad of menkes disease
Brittle kinky hair
Hypotonia
Growth retardation
Name the structures which have type 1 collagen
Bone made by osteoblast
Tendon
Late wound repair
Fascia And skin
Dentin
Cornea
Type 3
Skin
“Bl-vessels”
Uterus
Feral tissue
Granulation tissue
Type 2 collagen
Cartilage
Vitreous body
Nucleus pulposus
Triad of refsum disease
Shortening of 4th toe
Vision problem due to cataract/night blindness
Alpha oxidation is impaired
What is the structure seen by eukaryote imitation factor on mRNA before commencing translation
5 cap
Or
IRES
Name the cells which are stable and labile
Stable;
llepatocytes, lymphocytes, PCT, periosteal cell
Labile :
Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles, germ cells.
Essential amino acid
PVT TIM llaLL: Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, lsoleucine, Methionine, llistidine, Leucine, Lysine.
What is “DNA Laddering”?
Sensitive indicator of apoptosis and refers to the appearance of DNA fragments in multiples of 180 base Paris on gel electrophoresis
Types of verbal interventions
FACILITATING means encourages communication
- Reflecting on what a pt has just said
- Summarising the conversation
- Open ended Qs; encouraging the pt to continue
- Supportive, empathic statements
OBSTRUCTING means shuts down communication
- Closed ended yes no Qs
- minimising the pt concerns
- judging the pt Or offering premature advice
- confronting the pt in a hostile manner
What does mean by “Homing” of cells?
Circulating cells land and rest in The parenchyma of the organ
Name the diseases with “Polygenic Inheritance”
Androgentic alopecia
Epilepsy
Glaucoma
HTN
Ischemia heart disease
T2DM
Schizophrenia
Name the medicine given to Pregnant woman carrying group B strep
lntrapartum penicillin G or ampicillin
Name the antibiotics given to renal failure patient
Monobactams (renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides)
Tetracyclines
Important point very important point
**MRSA: vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, ceftaroline, doxycycline.
**VRE: linezolid, tigecycline, and streptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin).
** polymyxins Band E (colistin) for Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas, multidrug-resistant Actinobacter baumanii
WAGR complex
Wilms tumor
Aniridia (absence of iris)
Genitourinary malformations
mental Retardation/intellectual disability (WT1deletion)
Denys-Drash syndrome
Wilms tumor
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (early-onset nephrotic syndrome)
Dysgenesis of gonads (male pseudohermaphroditism},
WT1 mutation
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
W’ilms tumor,
macroglossia
organomegaly
hemihyperplasia (WT2 mutation)
Zone 1-periportal zone
Affected 1st by
viral hepatitis •
Best oxygenated, most resistant to circulatory compromise •
Ingested toxins (eg, cocaine)
Zone II-intermediate zone:
Yellow fever
Zone III-pericentral vein (centrilobular) zone:
Affected 1st by
ischemia (least oxygenated) •
High concentration of cytochrome P-450 •
Most sensitive to metabolic toxins (eg, ethanol, CCl4, halothane, rifampin) •
Site of alcoholic hepatitis
