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FA flashCards > General patho > Flashcards

General patho Flashcards

1
Q

How atrophy occurs?

A

Cell number decrease via apoptosis

Cell size via ubiquitin proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components

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2
Q

How metaplasia occurs?

A

Via reprogramming of stem cells which then produce the new cell types

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3
Q

What is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?

A

Cellular swelling result(

  • loss of villi and membrane blebbing
  • RER swell result dissociation Of Ribosomes And so no protein
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4
Q

What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?

A

Membrane damage;

  • Plasma membrane damage results leakage of cell enzymes and Calcium enters in cells
  • Mito membrane damage result No ETC cycle and apoptosis process start due leakage of cytochrome c
  • lysosome membrane damage result enzymes leaks outs
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5
Q

What are d/f ways to activate apoptosis process?

A

1) Intrinsic mito pathway
2) Extrinsic receptor ligand pathway viz FAS FAS ligand
3) Cytotoxic CD8 T cells mediate pathway

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6
Q

How CCL4 cause fatty liver?

A

CCL4—> CCL3 by CYP450
Results ROS
WHICH CAUSE REVERSIBLE cell injury and ribosome detach so no protein synthesising apolipoproteins so no transport of fatty in body

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7
Q

Name the Acute phase reactants which increased and decrease in inflammation

A

Increased are hepacidin, ferrtin, fibrinogen, serum Amyloid A And CRP)

Decrease are albumin and transferrin

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8
Q

What is familial Mediterranean fever

A

Occurs due to neutrophils dysfunction result episodic fever and serosal inflammation like appendicitis, arthritis or MI

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9
Q

Name the CD marker on macrophages which activate by PAMP

A

CD14 (Co receptor for TLR4)

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10
Q

Name the complement which are anaphylatoxins

A

C3a And C5a

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11
Q

How granuloma forms?

A

Macrophages via MHC2 gives antigens to CD4 T cells

Macrophages releases IL2 which convert CD4 helper to TH1

TH1 secrete IFN GAMMA convert macrophages into epithelioid hisiocytes And giant cells

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12
Q

Why keloid occurs?

A

Due to excess production of type 3 collagen in wound

Locations are earlobes, face and upper extremities

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13
Q

Important point

A

Metastatic calcification occurs in tissue which lose acid quickly so it will favour Ca2 deposition

Like interstitial tissue of kidney, lung and gastric mucosa

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14
Q

Elderly pt cells or tissue showing yellow brown wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin occur via oxidation and polymerisation Of autophagocytosed organellar membrane

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15
Q

Name the tissue mediators which cause angiogenesis

A

FGF
TGF B also cause fibrosis
VEGF

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16
Q

What is Good syndrome?

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome seen in thymoma

Less immunoglobulins

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17
Q

Name the paraneoplastic seen in small cell lung cancer

A

Dancing eyes dancing feet’s in adult

Ab against antigens in purkinje cells (paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration)

Ab against antigens HU in neurons (paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis)

Lambert eaton myasthenia syndrome

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18
Q

Name the paraneoplastic in ovarian teratoma

A

Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis

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19
Q

Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is receptor tyrosine kinase

A

ALK
RET
HER/neu (C-erbB2)

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20
Q

Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is tyrosine kinase

A

BCR ABL

JAK2

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21
Q

Name the proto oncogene in which one allele damage can cause cancer

A

ALK
Bcl2
N Myc

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22
Q

Name tumor suppressor genes in who both should be mutated to get cancer

A

BRCA
MEN1

Nf1/2
Rb

TSC1/2 hamartin And tuberin
Vhl

Wt1 regulate urogenital tumor

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23
Q

What is p glycoprotein?

A

Also known as multidrug resistance protein I (MORI).

Classically seen in adrenocortical carcinoma but also expressed by other cancer cells (eg, colon, liver).

Used to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of I responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over tim

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24
Q

Name the cytokines involves in cachexia

A

TNF
IFN GAMMA
IL1 And 6

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25
Q

General Pharma

A

General Pharma

26
Q

Name the antidotes of arsenic, Lead and Mercury

A

Dimercaprol And Succimer

27
Q

Name the antidote only used for lead

A

EDTA

28
Q

Name the medicine which are contraindicated in coronary vasopasm

CASE

A

C cocaine
A amphetamines
S sumatriptan
E ergot alkaloids

29
Q

Name the medicine cause cutaneous flushing

VE CAN

A

V vancomycin
E echinocandins

C CCB
A adenosine
N niacin/ nitrates

30
Q

Name the toxin produce by pufferfish

A

Tetrodotoxin which -ve depolarisation Of Sodium channels-in heart and nerves

31
Q

Ciguatoxin produce by which sea fishes?

A

Reef fish viz snapper, barracuda and moray eel

SSx are perioral numbness, reversal of hot and cold sensation
Low BP and heart rate

32
Q

Histamine (scombroid) fish produce by which fishes?

A

Spoiled dark meat fish viz tuna, Mahi mahi, mackerel And bonito

These fishes have histidine decarboxylase which produce histamine result anaphylaxis SSx

33
Q

Triad of DRESS syndrome

A

Occur after taking medicines 3As
A allopurinol
Antibiotics
Antifits And Sulfa

SSx are fever, morbilliform skin rash and frequent multiorgan involvement

34
Q

Name the medicine which cause dilsulfiram like rxn

drug that causes hypersensitivity to alcohol leading to nausea, vomiting, flushing, dizziness, throbbing headache, chest and abdominal discomfort, and general hangover-like symptoms among others

A

Antibiotics like metro/ cephalosporins

Antifungal Griseofulvin

Antineoplastic Procarbazine

DM drug first generation sulfonylureas

35
Q

Name the medicine cause focal to massive hepatic necrosis

HAVE
E = A

A

H halothane
A acetaminophen
V valproate
A amanita phalloides

36
Q

Name the medicine which cause gingival hyperplasia

CPC

A

CCB
Phenytoin
Cyclosporine

37
Q

Most common cause of death in following ages
1-14 YR

15-34YR

35-44 YR

A

Unintentional Injury

38
Q

Most common Of death in 45-64YR

A

Cancer

39
Q

Most common cause of death in +ve 65YR

A

Heart disease

40
Q

Important point of chemotherapy induced vomit

A

Early phase vomiting (due to drugs) due to serotonin

Late phase (after a day) due to neurokinin -1

41
Q

Structures derive from neural crest cells

“SOME SALT”

A 
S = Schwann cells
O = odontoblast
M= melanocytes
E= enterchromaffin cells

S= spinal membranes like pia And arachnoid
A = adrenal medulla/ganglia
L=laryngeal cartilage
T = tracheal cartilage

42
Q

Triad of chikungunya

A

High fever

Symmetrical poly athralgia

Maculopapular rash

Lymphopenia

43
Q

Important point

A

Patency Of urethera maintain by corpus spongiosum during ejaculation

44
Q

Important point

A

Intra abdominal infections are polymicrobial, with B.fragilis and E. coli being the most prominent organisms isolated

45
Q

What will be seen after MI in 2 weeks to 2 months?

A

Collagen deposition and scar formation

46
Q

What changes occur in MI within 2 wks (10 to 14 days)?

A

Granulation tissue and Neo vascularization

47
Q

What will be seen with 4 hours after MI?

A

No changes or minimal changes

48
Q

What will be seen after 1 to 5 days in MI?

A

Coagulation necrosis And neutrophilic infiltrate

49
Q

What will be seen after 5 to 10 days in MI?

A

Macrophages phagocytosis Of dead cells

50
Q

What will be seen after MI in 2 weeks to 2 months?

A

Collagen deposition and scar formation

51
Q

What changes occur in MI within 2 wks (10 to 14 days)?

A

Granulation tissue and Neo vascularization

52
Q

What will be seen with 4 hours after MI?

A

No changes or minimal changes

53
Q

What will be seen after 1 to 5 days in MI?

A

Coagulation necrosis And neutrophilic infiltrate

54
Q

What will be seen after 5 to 10 days in MI?

A

Macrophages phagocytosis Of dead cells

55
Q

Opioids drugs

A

***Full agonist:
morphine, heroin,
meperidine, methadone,
codeine.

  • **Partial agonist:
    buprenorphine.

***Mixed agonist/antagonist:
nalbuphine, pentazocine, butorphanol.

***Antagonist:
naloxone, naltrexone, methylnaltrexone.

56
Q

Important point

A

Tramadol is a Slight opioid agonist, and a Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

It is used for Stubborn pain, but can lower Seizure threshold, and may cause Serotonin Syndrome

57
Q

Benzodiazepines Classification based on half life

A 
SHORT ACTING***
-ATOM::
Alprazolam, Triazolam, 
Oxazepam, and Midazolam 
All are short acting -higher addictive potential)

LONG ACTING*** (Given in alcohol withdrawal)
Chlordiazepoxide
Clorazepate

Diazepam
Flurazepam

58
Q

Important point very important point

A

Lorazepam, Oxazepam, and Temazepam

They can be used for those with liver disease who drink a LOT due to minimal first-pass metabolism.

59
Q

Name the medicine given in “chronic stable angina” and Chronic HF with reduced Ejection fraction

A

IVabradine prolongs slow depolarization (phase “IV”) by selectively inhibiting “funny” sodium channels (I,).

60
Q

Side effects of ivabradine

A

Luminous phenomena/visual brightness,

hypertension,

bradycardia.

FA flashCards (6 decks)

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