General patho Flashcards
How atrophy occurs?
Cell number decrease via apoptosis
Cell size via ubiquitin proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components
How metaplasia occurs?
Via reprogramming of stem cells which then produce the new cell types
What is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling result(
- loss of villi and membrane blebbing
- RER swell result dissociation Of Ribosomes And so no protein
What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
Membrane damage;
- Plasma membrane damage results leakage of cell enzymes and Calcium enters in cells
- Mito membrane damage result No ETC cycle and apoptosis process start due leakage of cytochrome c
- lysosome membrane damage result enzymes leaks outs
What are d/f ways to activate apoptosis process?
1) Intrinsic mito pathway
2) Extrinsic receptor ligand pathway viz FAS FAS ligand
3) Cytotoxic CD8 T cells mediate pathway
How CCL4 cause fatty liver?
CCL4—> CCL3 by CYP450
Results ROS
WHICH CAUSE REVERSIBLE cell injury and ribosome detach so no protein synthesising apolipoproteins so no transport of fatty in body
Name the Acute phase reactants which increased and decrease in inflammation
Increased are hepacidin, ferrtin, fibrinogen, serum Amyloid A And CRP)
Decrease are albumin and transferrin
What is familial Mediterranean fever
Occurs due to neutrophils dysfunction result episodic fever and serosal inflammation like appendicitis, arthritis or MI
Name the CD marker on macrophages which activate by PAMP
CD14 (Co receptor for TLR4)
Name the complement which are anaphylatoxins
C3a And C5a
How granuloma forms?
Macrophages via MHC2 gives antigens to CD4 T cells
Macrophages releases IL2 which convert CD4 helper to TH1
TH1 secrete IFN GAMMA convert macrophages into epithelioid hisiocytes And giant cells
Why keloid occurs?
Due to excess production of type 3 collagen in wound
Locations are earlobes, face and upper extremities
Important point
Metastatic calcification occurs in tissue which lose acid quickly so it will favour Ca2 deposition
Like interstitial tissue of kidney, lung and gastric mucosa
Elderly pt cells or tissue showing yellow brown wear and tear pigment
Lipofuscin occur via oxidation and polymerisation Of autophagocytosed organellar membrane
Name the tissue mediators which cause angiogenesis
FGF
TGF B also cause fibrosis
VEGF
What is Good syndrome?
Paraneoplastic syndrome seen in thymoma
Less immunoglobulins
Name the paraneoplastic seen in small cell lung cancer
Dancing eyes dancing feet’s in adult
Ab against antigens in purkinje cells (paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration)
Ab against antigens HU in neurons (paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis)
Lambert eaton myasthenia syndrome
Name the paraneoplastic in ovarian teratoma
Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis
Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is receptor tyrosine kinase
ALK
RET
HER/neu (C-erbB2)
Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is tyrosine kinase
BCR ABL
JAK2
Name the proto oncogene in which one allele damage can cause cancer
ALK
Bcl2
N Myc
Name tumor suppressor genes in who both should be mutated to get cancer
BRCA
MEN1
Nf1/2
Rb
TSC1/2 hamartin And tuberin
Vhl
Wt1 regulate urogenital tumor
What is p glycoprotein?
Also known as multidrug resistance protein I (MORI).
Classically seen in adrenocortical carcinoma but also expressed by other cancer cells (eg, colon, liver).
Used to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of I responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over tim
Name the cytokines involves in cachexia
TNF
IFN GAMMA
IL1 And 6
General Pharma
General Pharma
Name the antidotes of arsenic, Lead and Mercury
Dimercaprol And Succimer
Name the antidote only used for lead
EDTA
Name the medicine which are contraindicated in coronary vasopasm
CASE
C cocaine
A amphetamines
S sumatriptan
E ergot alkaloids
Name the medicine cause cutaneous flushing
VE CAN
V vancomycin
E echinocandins
C CCB
A adenosine
N niacin/ nitrates
Name the toxin produce by pufferfish
Tetrodotoxin which -ve depolarisation Of Sodium channels-in heart and nerves
Ciguatoxin produce by which sea fishes?
Reef fish viz snapper, barracuda and moray eel
SSx are perioral numbness, reversal of hot and cold sensation
Low BP and heart rate
Histamine (scombroid) fish produce by which fishes?
Spoiled dark meat fish viz tuna, Mahi mahi, mackerel And bonito
These fishes have histidine decarboxylase which produce histamine result anaphylaxis SSx
Triad of DRESS syndrome
Occur after taking medicines 3As
A allopurinol
Antibiotics
Antifits And Sulfa
SSx are fever, morbilliform skin rash and frequent multiorgan involvement
Name the medicine which cause dilsulfiram like rxn
drug that causes hypersensitivity to alcohol leading to nausea, vomiting, flushing, dizziness, throbbing headache, chest and abdominal discomfort, and general hangover-like symptoms among others
Antibiotics like metro/ cephalosporins
Antifungal Griseofulvin
Antineoplastic Procarbazine
DM drug first generation sulfonylureas
Name the medicine cause focal to massive hepatic necrosis
HAVE
E = A
H halothane
A acetaminophen
V valproate
A amanita phalloides
Name the medicine which cause gingival hyperplasia
CPC
CCB
Phenytoin
Cyclosporine
Most common cause of death in following ages
1-14 YR
15-34YR
35-44 YR
Unintentional Injury
Most common Of death in 45-64YR
Cancer
Most common cause of death in +ve 65YR
Heart disease
Important point of chemotherapy induced vomit
Early phase vomiting (due to drugs) due to serotonin
Late phase (after a day) due to neurokinin -1
Structures derive from neural crest cells
“SOME SALT”
S = Schwann cells O = odontoblast M= melanocytes E= enterchromaffin cells
S= spinal membranes like pia And arachnoid
A = adrenal medulla/ganglia
L=laryngeal cartilage
T = tracheal cartilage
Triad of chikungunya
High fever
Symmetrical poly athralgia
Maculopapular rash
Lymphopenia
Important point
Patency Of urethera maintain by corpus spongiosum during ejaculation
Important point
Intra abdominal infections are polymicrobial, with B.fragilis and E. coli being the most prominent organisms isolated
What will be seen after MI in 2 weeks to 2 months?
Collagen deposition and scar formation
What changes occur in MI within 2 wks (10 to 14 days)?
Granulation tissue and Neo vascularization
What will be seen with 4 hours after MI?
No changes or minimal changes
What will be seen after 1 to 5 days in MI?
Coagulation necrosis And neutrophilic infiltrate
What will be seen after 5 to 10 days in MI?
Macrophages phagocytosis Of dead cells
What will be seen after MI in 2 weeks to 2 months?
Collagen deposition and scar formation
What changes occur in MI within 2 wks (10 to 14 days)?
Granulation tissue and Neo vascularization
What will be seen with 4 hours after MI?
No changes or minimal changes
What will be seen after 1 to 5 days in MI?
Coagulation necrosis And neutrophilic infiltrate
What will be seen after 5 to 10 days in MI?
Macrophages phagocytosis Of dead cells
Opioids drugs
***Full agonist:
morphine, heroin,
meperidine, methadone,
codeine.
- **Partial agonist:
buprenorphine.
***Mixed agonist/antagonist:
nalbuphine, pentazocine, butorphanol.
***Antagonist:
naloxone, naltrexone, methylnaltrexone.
Important point
Tramadol is a Slight opioid agonist, and a Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
It is used for Stubborn pain, but can lower Seizure threshold, and may cause Serotonin Syndrome
Benzodiazepines Classification based on half life
SHORT ACTING*** -ATOM:: Alprazolam, Triazolam, Oxazepam, and Midazolam All are short acting -higher addictive potential)
LONG ACTING*** (Given in alcohol withdrawal)
Chlordiazepoxide
Clorazepate
Diazepam
Flurazepam
Important point very important point
Lorazepam, Oxazepam, and Temazepam
They can be used for those with liver disease who drink a LOT due to minimal first-pass metabolism.
Name the medicine given in “chronic stable angina” and Chronic HF with reduced Ejection fraction
IVabradine prolongs slow depolarization (phase “IV”) by selectively inhibiting “funny” sodium channels (I,).
Side effects of ivabradine
Luminous phenomena/visual brightness,
hypertension,
bradycardia.
