Embryo Flashcards
Sonic Hedgehog gene
Involve in patterning along anteriorposterior axis and CNS development
Present at base of limbs
Wnt 7 gene
Produce at apical ectodermal ridge
Necessary for proper organisation along dorsal ventral axis
Name the gene stimulate mitosis Of underlying mesoderm providing for lengthening Of limbs
FGF gene present at apical ectodermal ridge
Name the gene for involved in segmental organisation of embryo in a craniocaudal direction
Homeobox genes
Name the anomalies cause by thalidomide
Limb defects viz phocomelia, micro melia and flipper limbs
Name the anomalies due to maternal DM
Causal regression syndrome like anal atresia to sirenomelia (fusion of lower legs)
Feral hydantoin syndrome feature
P cleft Palate and liP
H Head small, hypoplastic face, hirsutism Heart defects
E embrypathy
N nail and neuro issues
Important point
Syncytiotrophoblast
Lack MHC 1 expression—> decrease chance of attack by maternal immune system
Name the derivative of umbilical arteries and vein
Allantois
Name the arteries derive from 3rd,4th and 6th
3rd
-Common carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery
4th
-On left aortic arch and on right proximal part of right subclavian artery
6th
-Proximal part of pulmonary artery and on left ductus arteriosus
Triad of pierre robin sequence
Small jaw
Glossoptosis
Cleft palate with Airway Obstruction
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Neural crest of first and 2nd bronchial arches are Defective
Result mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormal
Name the muscles of 4th arch and 6th arch
4th arch
-most pharyngeal constrictors; cricothyroid And levator veli palatine
6th arch
-all intrinsic muscles of larynx
How cleft lip occurs?
failure offusion of the maxillary and merged medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate}.
How cleft palate occurs?
failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine shelves or failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelf with the nasal septum and/or median palatine shelf
Name the remnant of Müllerian duct in Male and wolffian duct
Former = appendix testis
Latter = Gartner duct
Name the uterine anomalies in which pregnancy possible
Uterus didelphys
Complete failure of fusion -double uterus, cervix, vagina
Pregnancy possible.
What is Bicornuate uterus?
Incomplete fusion of Mtillerian ducts
Increase risk of complicated pregnancy, early pregnancy loss, malpresentation, prematurity.
What is name of prostate gland and bulbouretheral gland in female ?
Former urethral and parauretheral gland
Latter Greater vestibular gland
Both made up of urogenital sinus
What is bronchogenic cysts?
-abnormal budding of the foregut and dilation of terminal or large bronchi.
Name the stage of lung development whose error leads to tracheoesophageal fistula.
Embryonic period
Important point
Screening test for fetal lung maturity
lecithin-sphingomyelin (LIS) ratio
foam stability index,
surfactant-albumin ratio.
Name the stages of lung development Every Pulmonologist Can See Alveoli.
E=Embryonic
P= Pseudoglandular
C= Canalicular
S= Saccular
A= Alveolar
Name the derivative of ureteric bud
Mesonephric duct
Most common site of obstruction in kidney
Ureteropelvic junction
Name the anomalie arise due to failure of rostral fold closure of central wall of abdomen wall
Ectopia Cordis
Name the anomalie arise due to failure of lateral fold closure of central wall of abdomen wall
omphalocele
, gastroschisis
Name the anomalie arise due to failure of caudal fold closure of central wall of abdomen wall
Bladder exstrophy
Name the congenital anomalie which shows “apple peel”
Jejunum And ileal atresia
-disruption of mesenteric vessels (typically SMA) -
ischemic necrosis of fetal intestine -segmental resorption: bowel becomes discontinuous or assumes a spiral configuration (apple peel).
X-ray shows dilated loops of small bowel with air-Auid level
ABGs Of Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
Name the embryonic structure of Superior vena cava
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Name the embryonic structure of IVC
Posterior, subcardinal, and supracardinal veins
Name the embryonic structure of Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Truncus arteriosus
Name the smooth parts of both ventricles
Bulbous cordis
Name the smooth parts of atrium
Left = primitive pulmonary vein Right = right horn of sinus venous
Left horn of sinus venosus Give rise to;
Coronary sinus
Important point regarding atheroembolic Disease
Atheroembolic diseases typically occur after an invasive vascular procedure due to mechanical dislodgement of atherosclerotic plaque resulting in the showering of cholesterol rich micro emboli into the circulation
- Commonly involves organs are
- Kidney
- Skin (Blue toe syndrome, livedo reticularis)
- GIT
- CNS (Stroke/ amaurosis fugax)
Important point
Circothyrotomy incision passes via the superficial cervical fascia, pre tracheal fascia And circothyroid membrane
Important point of half life of pharma
After 1.5 hr only 50% of the steady state Conc will be reached
- After 3 hr only 75% of the steady state Conc will be reached
- After 4.5 hr only 87.5% of the steady state Conc will be reached
- After 6hr only 90% of the steady state Conc will be reached
- After 7.5hr only 96.9%of the steady state Conc will be reached
Triad of Phencyclidine (PCP)
Violence
nystagmus
psychomotor agitation
Triad of MDMA (ecstasy)
serotonin syndrome
bruxism
distorted sensory and time perception
Triad of Marijuana (cannabinoid)
conjunctival injection
appetite increases
social withdrawal with dry mouth
Triad of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD
depersonalization
Flashback(usually nondisturbing).
Perceptual distortion (visual, auditory)
Name the medicine given in “Angina refractory to other medical therapies”
Ranolazine
-Inhibits the late phase of sodium current thereby reducing diastolic wall tension and oxygen consumption.
Does not affect heart rate or blood pressure.
Name medical insurance plans which are restricted to limited panels (except emergency)
Exclusive provider organization
Health maintenance organization
Name the medical insurance plans in which Patient can see providers outside network
Point of service
Preferred provider organization
Name the medical insurance plans which “Requires referral from primary care provider”
Health maintenance organisation
Point of service
Health maintenance organisation
Denied for any service that does not meet established, evidence-based guidelines
Point of service
Higher copays and deductibles for out-of-network services
Preferred provider organisation
Higher copays and deductibles for alI services
Global payment
Patient pays for all expenses associated with a single incident of care with a single payment.
Most commonly used during elective surgeries, as it covers the cost of surgery as well as the necessary pre-and postoperative visits.
Discount fee for service
Patient pays for each individual service at a discounted rate predetermined by providers and payers (eg, PPOs).
Capitation
Physicians receive a set amount per patient assigned to them per period of time, regardless of how much the patient uses the healthcare system. Used by some HMOs.
Bundled payment
Healthcare organization receives a set amount per service, regardless of ultimate cost, to be divided among all providers and facilities involved
Embryonic (weeks4-7wk)
tertiary (segmental) bronchi at the end
Pseudoglandular (weeks 5-17)
Endodermal tubules -terminal bronchioles.
Surrounded by modest capillary network.
Canalicular (weeks 16-25)
Terminal bronchioles -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts.
Surrounded by prominent capillary network.
Saccular (week 26-birth)
Alveolar ducts -terminal sacs.
Terminal sacs separated by 1° septae.
Alveolar (week 36-8 years)
Terminal sacs -adult alveoli (due to 2° septation).
