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pathophysiology semester 1 > Immunity/infections/vaccines/measles > Flashcards

Immunity/infections/vaccines/measles Flashcards

1
Q

Anergy panel

A

immunocompetence test by injecting common antigens intradermally

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2
Q

Antibody titers

A

lab tests that monitor IgM and IgG levels and confirm adequate immune protection against particular antigens

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3
Q

Allergy testing

A

measure IgE reaction

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4
Q

Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction

A

IgE binds to a mast cell and combines with antigen to release histamine

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5
Q

What does histamine do

A

vasodilates

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6
Q

Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

mediated by IgS directed towards antigens present on cell surfaces, cell destruction and phagocytosis occur

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7
Q

Type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity

A

antigen combines with IgS and develop tissue complexes that are deposited in the tissue, causing organ dysfunction

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8
Q

Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity

A

initiated by T-lymphocytes, delayed T-cell attack causing dermatitis, delayed inflammatory reaction

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9
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

severe type 1 hypersensitivity reaction treated with epinephrine, antihistamines, and glucocorticoids to reduce risk of anaphylactic shock from vasodilation and low blood pressure

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10
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

immune system becomes oversensitive to foreign invaders

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11
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

immune system is weakened and can no longer fight against invaders

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12
Q

Autoimmunity

A

immune system cannot distinguish between self and non-self

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13
Q

Innate immunity

A

natural, born immunity, the body’s first round of defense

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14
Q

What is innate immunity made of

A

the body’s natural barriers: normal flora, WBC, protective barriers

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15
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

second line of defense, lymphocytes are the primary cell

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16
Q

Cytokines

A

inflammatory mediators produced by WBC that attract the rest of the inflammatory response

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17
Q

Macrophages

A

arise from monocytes, gets rid of debris through apoptosis

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18
Q

Natural killer cells

A

T-cells that don’t need to be stimulated by APCs and go directly to the antigen

19
Q

GI tract defense

A

salvia –> gastric mucus traps –> intestinal flora

20
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

specific, develops memory
cell-mediated and humoral mediated immunity

21
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

T-lymphocytes, mature in the thymus

22
Q

Humoral mediated immunity

A

B-lymphocytes, mature in bone
slower than cell mediated immunity but long lasting

23
Q

What CD4 cells do

A

influence other immune system cells

24
Q

What do CD8 cells do

A

directly attack antigens

25
Q

Cell mediated immunity process

A

T-cells are activated by APCs –> release cytokines –> adaptive immune response

26
Q

Humoral mediated immunity process

A

Encounter antigens –> mature into plasma cells –> produce IgS –> attack antigens

27
Q

IgA

A

found in breast milk, mucus, saliva, tears, protect against antigens

28
Q

IgD

A

activates basophils and mast cells

29
Q

IgE

A

responsible for allergic reactions

30
Q

IgG

A

secreted by plasma cells, second responder to antigen, amnestic response

31
Q

IgM

A

responsible for early stages of immunity, attached to B cells and then distributed in the blood, first responder to an antigen

32
Q

Antibody-mediated response

A

Primary phase and then secondary phase

33
Q

Primary phase of antibody-mediated response

A

IgM response, the host cell is exposed to an antigen and then there is creation of immunoglobulins (but there is a lag response and this takes 5-7 days)

34
Q

What happens during the lag response of the primary phase of antibody-mediated response

A

CD4 cells attack

35
Q

Secondary phase of antibody-mediated response

A

Immunoglobulin count increases and initiates the amnestic response

36
Q

What do vaccines do

A

allow the body to recognize and develop defense against antigens without contracting the disease

37
Q

Booster

A

are needed because immunity can wear off

38
Q

Toxoids

A

vaccines produced by killed bacterial derivatives

39
Q

Complications of measles

A

bacterial pneumonia, eye damage, and blindness

40
Q

Treatment of measles

A

vitamin A for eyes, rest, antipyretics, oatmeal baths

41
Q

How is measles transmitted

A

droplet

42
Q

When is measles contagious

A

4 days after the rash and 4 days after

43
Q

How long are the incubation and prodromal periods of measles

A

7-14 days

44
Q

Clinical presentation of measles

A

high fever, cough, Koplick’s spots (pathognomic to measles), maculopapular rash after 5-7 days

pathophysiology semester 1 (7 decks)

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