Cell adaptation/injury

Question 1

Cellular adaption

Answer 1

ways of cells responding to stress

Question 2

3 ways cells adapt

Answer 2

adaption, maladaptation, death

Question 3

adaption

Answer 3

positive, helpful, maintain homeostasis

Question 4

maladaptation

Answer 4

negative, unhelpful, cause harm

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

not normal, deranged, cell growth

Question 6

benign

Answer 6

well-differentiated cells that resemble healthy cells of the cells of origin

Question 7

malignant

Answer 7

poorly differentiated cells that do not resemble the healthy cells of origin

Question 8

differentiation

Answer 8

when newly growing cells acquire the specialized structure/function of the cells that they replace

Question 9

types of cellular injury

Answer 9

hypoxic, free radical, physical, genetic defects, nutritional, chemical, infectious, immunological,

Question 10

cellular injury

Answer 10

damage to cell structure and function that makes cells unable to maintain homeostasis

Question 11

free radical injury

Answer 11

damage to the nucleus/DNA and disruption of organelles through unstable cells reacting with other cells

Question 12

what are free radicals

Answer 12

the by-product of energy productions

Question 13

physical agents of injury

Answer 13

mechanical trauma, extreme temperature, extreme pressure changes, radiation, electrical shock

Question 14

chemical injury

Answer 14

injury to the plasma membrane and dysfunction of organelles by endo/exogenous substances

Question 15

infectious agents

Answer 15

microorganisms that cause injury to the cell in different ways

Question 16

immunological

Answer 16

the immune system attacks its own cells, overreacting, and attacking them as foreign substances

Question 17

genetic defects

Answer 17

genetic mutations can damage and mutate DNA causing events that result in cell injury to occur

Question 18

hypoxic cell injury

Answer 18

lack of oxygen, blood cannot get enough oxygen to cells

Question 19

2 types of hypoxic cell injury

Answer 19

ischemia, anemia

Question 20

ischemia

Answer 20

diminished circulation, lack of oxygenated blood, caused by obstruction

Question 21

anemia

Answer 21

insufficient hemoglobin, blood is not fully oxygenated

Question 22

what does hypoxia cause the cell to enter

Answer 22

anaerobic metabolism

Question 23

what does anaerobic metabolism do to cell function

Answer 23

decreases ATP production –> slowed functions
creates lactic acid –> alters cellular activity

Question 24

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 24

hypertension causes an increased workload on the left ventricle –> increased workload causes increased cell size –> not supported by angiogenesis –> decreased blood perfusion
(pathologic hypertrophy)

Question 25

alpha-blockers for benign prostatic hypertrophy

Answer 25

aim to relax the urethra –> helps to relieve symptoms
relax the body in the presence of a stressor

Question 26

alpha reductase inhibitors for benign prostatic hypertrophy

Answer 26

block the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to stimulate the prostate
relax the body in the presence of a stressor

Question 27

surgery for benign prostatic hypertrophy

Answer 27

Surgically reducing the size of the prostate