Cell adaptation/injury Flashcards
Cellular adaption
ways of cells responding to stress
3 ways cells adapt
adaption, maladaptation, death
adaption
positive, helpful, maintain homeostasis
maladaptation
negative, unhelpful, cause harm
dysplasia
not normal, deranged, cell growth
benign
well-differentiated cells that resemble healthy cells of the cells of origin
malignant
poorly differentiated cells that do not resemble the healthy cells of origin
differentiation
when newly growing cells acquire the specialized structure/function of the cells that they replace
types of cellular injury
hypoxic, free radical, physical, genetic defects, nutritional, chemical, infectious, immunological,
cellular injury
damage to cell structure and function that makes cells unable to maintain homeostasis
free radical injury
damage to the nucleus/DNA and disruption of organelles through unstable cells reacting with other cells
what are free radicals
the by-product of energy productions
physical agents of injury
mechanical trauma, extreme temperature, extreme pressure changes, radiation, electrical shock
chemical injury
injury to the plasma membrane and dysfunction of organelles by endo/exogenous substances
infectious agents
microorganisms that cause injury to the cell in different ways
immunological
the immune system attacks its own cells, overreacting, and attacking them as foreign substances
genetic defects
genetic mutations can damage and mutate DNA causing events that result in cell injury to occur
hypoxic cell injury
lack of oxygen, blood cannot get enough oxygen to cells
2 types of hypoxic cell injury
ischemia, anemia
ischemia
diminished circulation, lack of oxygenated blood, caused by obstruction
anemia
insufficient hemoglobin, blood is not fully oxygenated
what does hypoxia cause the cell to enter
anaerobic metabolism
what does anaerobic metabolism do to cell function
decreases ATP production –> slowed functions
creates lactic acid –> alters cellular activity
Left ventricular hypertrophy
hypertension causes an increased workload on the left ventricle –> increased workload causes increased cell size –> not supported by angiogenesis –> decreased blood perfusion
(pathologic hypertrophy)
alpha-blockers for benign prostatic hypertrophy
aim to relax the urethra –> helps to relieve symptoms
relax the body in the presence of a stressor
alpha reductase inhibitors for benign prostatic hypertrophy
block the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to stimulate the prostate
relax the body in the presence of a stressor
surgery for benign prostatic hypertrophy
Surgically reducing the size of the prostate
