Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology semester 1 > Fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is 2/3 of the body’s water located

A

Intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

outside the cells, within the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

between the intracellular and extracellular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is there a constant fluid exchange between

A

ICF and ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure is exerted by water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does hydrostatic pressure move fluid

A

pushes water from the bloodstream into the ISF and ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the pressure exerted by solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does osmotic pressure move fluid

A

pulls water into the bloodstream from the ISF and ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What leads to higher osmotic pressure

A

higher concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does oncotic pressure move fluid

A

pulls water into the bloodstream from ISF and ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Starlings law

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure opposed each other, controlling movement between different fluid compartments to maintain fluid balance and homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure, where does fluid move

A

out of cells into ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure, where does fluid move

A

into cells out of the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osmolality

A

osmoles of solute per kg of solvent - mass of solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osmolarity

A

osmoles of solute per liter of solution - volume of total solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tonicity

A

the amount of solutes in a solution compared to the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Isotonic solution

A

equal concentration as the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When do you use isotonic solution

A

as a bloodstream volume expander

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Example of isotonic solution

A

0.9% NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

lower concentration than the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a hypotonic solution do

A

Shift fluid from ECF to ICF to increase hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What solution is used to treat dehydration

A

hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Example of hypotonic solution

A

0.45% NaCl, half normal saline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

higher concentration than the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does a hypertonic solution do

A

causes a fluid shift from ICF to ECF, increases osmotic pressure

28
Q

What solution is used to diminish cell swelling, treat cerebral edema

A

hypertonic

29
Q

Example of hypertonic solution

A

mannitol, 3% NaCl

30
Q

What part of the brain responds to changes in blood osmolarities and blood fluid volume

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

31
Q

What happens when blood osmolarity is high (concentrated)

A

the thirst center is stimulated to get more fluid into the body, ADH is released to prevent fluid from leaving the body

32
Q

When is renin released

A

in response to decreased renal perfusion

33
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

renin converts angiotensin into angiotensin 1 –> angiotensin 1 is converted into angiotensin 2 through the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs –> angiotensin 2 stimulates the release of aldosterone to increase sodium and water reabsorption into the bloodstream to increase blood volume

34
Q

When are natriuretic peptides secreted

A

in response to fluid volume overload

35
Q

What do natriuretic peptides do

A

promote glomerular filtration rate and the excretion of water and sodium to decrease fluid volume

36
Q

What are the main causes of edema

A

elevated hydrostatic pressure, diminished osmotic pressure, inflammation

37
Q

How does elevated hydrostatic pressure cause edema

A

excess water in the bloodstream pushes water out of the bloodstream into the ISF and ICF spaces

38
Q

How does diminished osmotic pressure cause edema

A

a low amount of solutes in the bloodstream decrease the pulling of fluid back into the bloodstream

39
Q

How does inflammation cause edema

A

increased capillary permeability

40
Q

Dependent edema

A

forms in the lower extremities due to a weakened venous valve system, lack of muscle contractions, and gravitational forces

41
Q

Pitting edema

A

visible indentations when pressure is applied and fluid is displaced

42
Q

Third spacing

A

when fluids become hidden in body cavities that are normally free of fluid

43
Q

What is the role of sodium

A

conducts nerve impulses, contract and relax muscle and maintain the proper balance of water and minerals

44
Q

Treatment of hypernatremia

A

drinking more water, infusion of hypotonic fluids, diuretics

45
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia

A

muscle weakness, restlessness, extreme thirst, confusion, lethargy

46
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A

water depletion

47
Q

Hypovolemia hyponatremia

A

loss of both fluid and sodium

48
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypovolemia hyponatremia

A

thirst, dry mouth, hypotension, tachycardia

49
Q

Causes of hypovolemia hyponatremia

A

adrenal insufficiency, diuretic use, diarrhea, vomiting, excess sweating

50
Q

Hypervolemic hyponatremia

A

loss of sodium but a large amount of fluid

51
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypervolemic hyponatremia

A

headache, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps/spasms, coma, neurological damage due to swelling

52
Q

Hypervolemic hyponatremia causes

A

impaired water excretion

53
Q

What is the role of potassium

A

helps nerves, muscles, and heart function, move nutrients and waste, maintain normal fluid levels inside our cells

54
Q

Hyperkalemia clinical manifestations

A

weakness, fatigue, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, high potassium blood levels

55
Q

Hyperkalemia treatment

A

calcium, insulin, glucose, sodium bicarbonate, dialysis, increased renal excretion

56
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

excessive elimination through urine due to medications, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, cushings syndrome

57
Q

Hypokalemia clinical manifestations

A

muscle twitching, cramps, weakness, hypotension, lightheadedness, excessive urination, excessive thirst

58
Q

Hypokalemia treatments

A

potassium supplements, potassium-rich foods

59
Q

Acid

A

a compound that donates hydrogen ions in a solution

60
Q

Base

A

a compound that accepts hydrogen ions in a solution

61
Q

Buffers

A

a neutralizer that attempts to balance the pH

62
Q

What organ regulates carbon dioxide

A

lungs

63
Q

What happens in respiratory acidosis

A

increase ventilation –> eliminate CO2 –> raise the pH

64
Q

What happens in respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease ventilation –> retain CO2 –> lower the pH

65
Q

What organ regulates bicarbonate

A

kidneys

66
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

increase reabsorption in the bloodstream –> raise pH

67
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

increase secretion in the urine –> lower pH

pathophysiology semester 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions