immunity Flashcards
what’s a pathogen? 🦠💞
what harmful substance do they produce?
an organism which causes disease
they produce toxins
what do the receptors on the cell surface of an immune cell bind to?🌼
complementary antigens
what are the 4 stages of phagocytosis?
🦎🦠🌱🌿🧪💓
-detection of antigens
-engulfing the pathogen
-digestion of the pathogen
-presenting the antigens
what do cytotoxic T-cells do?🐠
release toxins that bind to and kill foreign cells
what 3 things do T-helper cells activate?🪼
-phagocytes
-cytotoxic t-cells
-b-cells
name the process:
when the antigen on a b-cell meets a complementary antigen and they bind. with the help of substances from t-helper cells, b-cells are activated.🌊
clonal selection
which antibodies do plasma cells secrete?🌦️❄️☁️
monoclonal antibodies
what do activated b-cells divide into?🐳💓
plasma cells
which two types of cells form antigen-antibody complexes when they bind?🩷
b-cells and plasma cells
what is agglutination?🦠
why does this occur?🧪
when pathogens become clumped together
because antibodies have 2 binding sites so 2 pathogens can bind at the same time
what 3 cells do t-lymphocytes activate?☁️
cytotoxic t cells
b cells
phagocytes
in humoral immunity, what happens when the b-cell collides with a t-helper cell receptor?🐥
it activates it to go through clonal expansion and differentiation
in the cell mediated response how do t-cells divide and what do they make?🦋
divide by mitosis
make large number of clones of t-helper cells (to the specific pathogen)
these can differentiate into different cells
in cellular immunity what are 4 things that t-helper cells can differentiate into?🐠
-some remain t-cells and activate b-lymphocytes
-some stimulate macrophages to perform phagocytosis
-some become memory cells for that specific antigen
-some become cytotoxic-t cells
in humoral immunity how do b cells take in the antigen?🎃
by endocytosis
