gene expression Flashcards
what are the 4 types of stem cell🧪
totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent
to what extent can these stem cells differentiate?
totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotent
🦜🛤️🌱🐉🧪🌴💓
totipotent- any cell
pluripotent- most cells
multipotent- some cells
unipotent- one cell
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells are a Future Stem Cell Therapy.
what can iPSCs be used for?💞
they can regrow damaged tissues
what is DNA polymerase?🫧💕
an enzyme which manufactures DNA by joining nucleotides (using a complementary strand as a blueprint)
what’s a gene machine?🎀
a computer controlled device that can be programmed to produce short sequences of DNA
what is DNA ligase? 🧬
an enzyme which can join the phosphate-sugar framework of two sections of DNA eg joining sticky ends
what’s a primer?💐
a short sequence of nucleotides with a set of bases complementary to those at one end of each of the two DNA fragments
what is restriction endonucleases?🧚🏼
an enzyme that can recognise specific base sequences in DNA and cut the DNA at that site (the restriction site)
what are the 3 ways to obtain a copy of a gene sequence?💓
-using reverse transcriptase
-using restriction endonucleases
-using a gene machine
what is recombinant DNA?🪷
where DNA from different organisms or sources is combined together
how do you make DNA from mRNA?
which 2 enzymes are used?
what has to be made first?
🛤️🛖🌿🦎🌱💓
mRNA ———> cDNA ———> DNA
reverse DNA
transcriptase polymerase
what’s a palindrome?☀️
when the sequence reads the same backwards as forwards
what are sticky ends?
what can they do?🌊
small tails of unpaired bases
they can hydrogen bond to complementary sequences
what do these enzymes catalyse?💞
-restriction endonuclease
-DNA polymerase
-reverse transcriptase
-DNA ligase
-recognition and cutting of DNA at specific base sequences
-formation of a new DNA strand during DNA replication
-production of a cDNA fragment from an mRNA strand
-binding of DNA fragments
what is gel electrophoresis?🧪
a process used to seperate the DNA fragments and proteins according to their size using an electric current
what is genetic fingerprinting?💞🧬
a technique that can detect differences in people DNA using short repeating bases (VNTRs)
what is in-vivo cloning?💞💝💕
example?
how long is the process?
takes place inside a living organism.
eg. DNA fragments can be transferred to a host cells where they’re amplified
long
what are proto-oncogenes?
what are oncogenes?
🪼🦎💓
proto-group of genes involved in promoting cell division
oncogene-mutated proto-oncogenes, they’re permanently switched on which overstimulates cell division
what’s in-vitro cloning?🐠🐋🐟
example?
how long?
takes place outside of a living organism, in a controlled environment eg test tube
eg DNA is amplified using a PCR in a thermonuclear
makes millions of copies of DNA in hours
what does siRNA do?
how does it do this?
🧬🧪💓
it interferes with translation
it binds to mRNA which prevents it from being translated in the cytoplasm
therefore the gene it codes for isn’t expressed
what are 4 types of mutation?💓
additional, deletion, substitution, duplication
what are dna probes?🏄🏼♀️
short single stranded dna labelled fluorescently or radioactively
they’re complementary to the allele being screened for
whats hybridisation?😊
what’s detection?😴
when probes bind to the sequence
when probes are tagged so we can detect and count them
pros and cons of genetic fingerprinting?🏝️
+ high specificity
- needs prior knowledge of sequence, can get false pos or negs,
