Immunity

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

Resistance to infection by invading micro-organisms, Depends on the presence of antibodies and memory cells (B and T)

Question 2

4 types of immunity

Answer 2

Natural or artificial, passive, active

Question 3

Natural immunity

Answer 3

Occurs without human intervention (no injection)

Question 4

Artificial immunity

Answer 4

Giving people an antigen or an antibody (human intervention, injection)

Question 5

Passive immunity

Answer 5

when a person is given antibodies produced elsewhere (short-lived as eventually killed off, takes a short time), can be natural such as antibodies in breast milk, or artificial such as anti-venom and tetanus antibodies

Question 6

Active immunity

Answer 6

results from exposure to the antigen causing the individual to produce its own antibodies (go through immune response- long lived but takes a long time), Natural- after you have suffered from the disease such as chicken pox, Artificial- vaccinated against measles (given antigens)

Question 7

Immunisation/vaccination

Answer 7

Artificial introduction of antigens into the body so that the organism develops the ability to produce the appropriate antibodies without having to suffer the disease

Question 8

Vaccine

Answer 8

Antigen preparation (attenuated(weakened through temp, chemicals or UV light) antigens) used in immunisation

Question 9

How can vaccinations be given

Answer 9

Injections, Orally, Nostril spray, Skin patches, Genetically engineered plants

Question 10

5 types of vaccine

Answer 10

Attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, sub-units, recombinant DNA

Question 11

Attenuated vaccine

Answer 11

Created from a micro-organism that has a reduced virulence, E.g exposing an antigen to a high temperature, polio vaccine

Question 12

Inactivated vaccine

Answer 12

Created from dead micro-organisms, cholera or whooping cough vaccine

Question 13

Toxoids vaccine

Answer 13

Created from inactivated toxins produced by bacteria, tetanus vaccine

Question 14

Sub-units vaccine

Answer 14

Created from fragments of dead organisms, hepatitis B vaccine

Question 15

Recombinant DNA

Answer 15

Changing DNA of micro-organisms, inserting DNA sequences

Question 16

Herd immunity

Answer 16

High proportion of population is immune to disease

Question 17

Vaccine programs

Answer 17

Effective vaccine programmes meaning the incidence of disease decreases which can lead to a failure to vaccinate and a loss of herd immunity (E.g whooping cough, polio)

Question 18

Childhood vaccines

Answer 18

Aren’t compulsory but 90% of infants are vaccinated by 12 months of age (very young babies can’t be vaccinated as the mother’s antibodies destroy the vaccine contents)

Question 19

Risk to vaccination

Answer 19

Allergic reactions to the medium in which the attenuated antigen is carried (such as egg yolk which can be used to grow viruses), Introduction of cross-species contamination, Dangerous chemicals used in manufacture

Question 20

Socio/cultural and economic ethical concerns of vaccinations

Answer 20

How the vaccine was manufactured, tested on animals and it’s risk to health- negative side effects (E.g rubella vaccine is manufactured using cells from an aborted foetus, HIV vaccine testing on humans), Encourage vaccinated teenagers to be sexually active, Right of the parent to vaccinate, Some religions oppose immunisations, Cost of vaccines may not be affordable (other countries without Medicare), Interests of commercial enterprise that manufacture the vaccine can affect its use (3 companies made COVID vaccines)

Question 21

What does the hygiene hypothesis say

Answer 21

Child’s environment can be “too clean”, Lack of exposure to germs doesn’t give the immune system a chance to develop resistance to diseases

Question 22

Why is the hygiene hypothesis true

Answer 22

Less exposure to bacteria and viruses means no immune response is triggered, no memory cells are present increasing the chance of being infected, results in overproduction of histamine leads to allergies

Question 23

What are antibiotics used for

Answer 23

Used to fight infections of micro-organisms (usually bacteria), Not effective against viruses

Question 24

How do antibiotics work

Answer 24

Work by blocking translation (when amino acids are joined together, can’t reproduce) during protein synthesis of bacteria, Can work on a wide range of bacteria or specific types (Broad or narrow spectrum)

Question 25

Two types of antibiotics

Answer 25

Bactericidal and bacteriostatic

Question 26

Bactericidal antibiotics

Answer 26

kills bacteria by changing or damaging the structure of their cell wall, allowing their contents to leak out

Question 27

Bacteriostatic antibiotics

Answer 27

stop bacteria from reproducing by blocking protein synthesis

Question 28

Overuse of antibiotics

Answer 28

Research suggests that overuse caused evolution of generations of drug resistant bacteria meaning doctors should start considering giving multiple anti-biotics at once to decrease the likely hood of some bacteria resisting and staying alive

Question 29

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 29

Resistance occurs as each type of bacteria can be resistant to a different anti-biotic. If you are only given one anti-biotic at a time, it increases the likely hood of one bacteria being resistant to it. If you are then given a second anti-biotic, it could kill the type of bacteria that survived the first but another type of bacteria could be resistant to the second anti-biotic. The same thing could happen when given a third anti-biotic resulting in bacteria surviving all three anti-biotics when taken separately.

Question 30

Antivirals

Answer 30

Drugs which inhibit the action of viral pathogens

Question 31

How do antivirals work

Answer 31

Work by targeting specific proteins and disabling them or inhibit the life cycle of the virus, Enhance the body’s immune system to attack the virus