Distruptions

Question 1

Disruptions

Answer 1

Caused by hormonal disruptions or diseases, Hyper- over activity, Hypo- under activity

Question 2

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

2 types, Symptom- sweet smelling urine due to excess sugar, Hyperglycaemia- abnormally high blood glucose level

Question 3

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

Insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes, Caused by an auto-immune disease where leucocytes destroy beta cells in the pancreas meaning they can’t produce insulin, Insulin is given as medication through injections or sub-dermal pumps as insulin is digested by the alimentary canal (can’t be taken orally), Effects/predispositions: kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, amputations, blindness and nerve damage due to excess glucose becoming glycogen and then fat (cholesterol) which blocks arteries

Question 4

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 4

Adult onset or non-insulin dependent diabetes, Lifestyle disease, Beta cells produce insulin but the cells don’t respond, Usually diagnosed at older than 45 but has become younger, Causes: high blood pressure, smoking, overweight, sedentary lifestyle (non-optimum metabolic rate), high fat and cholesterol levels (blocks receptors from receiving insulin), Often no symptoms until the person suffers a stroke, Managed by a careful diet, regular activity, maintaining a healthy weight and monitoring levels of blood glucose, Can go back to not having diabetes if there is a change in lifestyle

Question 5

Thyroxine

Answer 5

Affects nearly every tissue in the body, Stimulates carbohydrate, protein and fat breakdown for energy, Stimulates metabolic rate and heat production by increasing cellular respiration

Question 6

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 6

Excessive amount of thyroxine, Genetic predisposition, Attributed to Grave’s disease, Symptoms: rapid heart rate, weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, sweating, anxiety, protruding eyeballs

Question 7

Hyperthyroidism treatments

Answer 7

Drugs that block the thyroid glands use of iodine meaning less production of thyroxine, Radioactive iodine which destroys the thyroid gland cells when they take it in
Surgery to remove part of the thyroid (last resort)

Question 8

Hypothyroidism

Answer 8

Too little thyroxine, Can be caused by iodine deficiency, Also caused by Hashimoto’s disease where an immune response attacks the thyroid gland, Goitre- thyroid gland enlarges to try produce more hormone, Symptoms: slow heart rate, weight gain, fatigue, intolerance to cold, swelling of the face, goitre, Treatment: increase iodine levels as a deficiency can prevent the thyroid gland from creating thyroxine which is made of 4 part iodine, thyroid hormone replacement therapy

Question 9

Cretinism

Answer 9

When a pregnant mother with iodine deficiency gives birth to an intellectually and physically handicapped baby, Symptoms in a new born: lack of weight gain, stunted growth, fatigue, poor feeding, thickened facial features, abnormal bone growth, intellectual problems, very little crying, Treatment: can be reversed if iodine is administered early, Symptoms in an adult: stunted growth, intellectual problems, deficient hair and teeth, dry skin