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Year 12 human bio > First line of defence > Flashcards

First line of defence Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by and how are they transmitted

A

Caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, transmitted from one person to another

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2
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Disease-causing organism

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3
Q

Non-specific/generalised defence

A

Response to all infection or injuries

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4
Q

Specific defence

A

Works against selected pathogens

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5
Q

Bacteria

A

A single cell organism that may or may not be pathogenic

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6
Q

Types of bacteria

A

Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla, Vibrio

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7
Q

Diseases caused by bacteria

A

Valley fever, Rat-bite fever, Vibriosis and cholera

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8
Q

Virus

A

An infectious agent consisting of a protein coat surrounding a core of nucleic acid

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9
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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10
Q

Examples of viruses

A

Monkeypox, COVID, Chickenpox

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11
Q

6 ways pathogens can be transferred

A

Contact, bodily fluids, droplets, contaminated food/drink, airborne transmission, by vectors

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12
Q

Transmission by contact through indirect or direct means

A

Involves the spread of pathogens by touching an infected person of an object they have touched, E.g- STI’s such as chlamydia

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13
Q

Transfer of bodily fluids

A

When blood or other body fluids (saliva, mucus) from an infected person comes into contact with mucus membranes (nose, mouth) or the bloodstream of an uninfected person, E.g- HIV, Hep B and C

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14
Q

Infection by droplets

A

When tiny droplets of moisture that have pathogens in them are breathed in by uninfected people (still has moisture), E.g- COVID, Flu

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15
Q

Ingestion of contaminated food or drink

A

Food or drink contaminated with pathogens is ingested, E.g- Salmonella

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16
Q

Airborne transmission

A

When moisture in exhaled droplets evaporates, some pathogens remain and can be inhaled (no moisture left), E.g- Cold

17
Q

Transmission by vectors

A

The transfer of pathogens by other animals such as insects, E.g- Malaria, Rabies

18
Q

3 lines of defence

A

Keep microbes out of body, Non-specific attack on microbes, Specific attack on microbes

19
Q

What is the first line of defence

A

Prevents entry and reproduction of pathogens in the body

20
Q

What structures prevent the entry of pathogens

A

External defences and protective reflexes

21
Q

Why isn’t the first line of defence always successful

A

Burns and cuts to the skin reduce the effectiveness of the first line of defence

22
Q

Chemical external defences (4)

A

Cerumen, acids, lysozyme, skin

23
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax, slightly acidic, contains lysozyme that kills bacteria

24
Q

Acids

A

Acid kill bacteria

25
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that kills bacteria

26
Q

Skin as a chemical defence

A

Sebum kills bacteria, Sweat contains salts and fatty acids and prevents growth of micro-organisms

27
Q

Mechanical external defences (4)

A

Mucous membranes, hairs, flushing action, skin

28
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Secretes mucus that traps particles, Inhibit micro-organisms from entering

29
Q

Hairs

A

Hair and layer of mucus traps up to 90% of particles

30
Q

Flushing action

A

Flushing of body fluids helps to keep some areas relatively free from pathogens

31
Q

Skin as a mechanical defence

A

Barrier

32
Q

4 protective reflexes

A

Sneezing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhoea

33
Q

Sneezing

A

Caused by irritation on the walls of the nasal cavity by noxious fume or dust that carries micro-organisms, Forceful expulsion of air carries mucus, foreign particles and irritating gases out

34
Q

Coughing

A

Irritation in the lower respiratory tract (bronchi and bronchioles), Air forced from lungs moves irritant out and up the trachea

35
Q

Vomiting

A

Caused by psychological stimuli, excessive stretching and bacterial toxins, Contraction of abdomen muscles and diaphragm expels stomach contents

36
Q

Diarrhoea

A

Caused by irritation of small and large intestine by bacteria, viruses or protozoa’s, Irritation causes increased contractions of the muscles in the wall of intestine meaning material doesn’t stay in the large intestine to absorb enough water

Year 12 human bio (25 decks)

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