Blood glucose regulation

Question 1

Glucose

Answer 1

Simple sugar used in cellular respiration (C6H12O6)

Question 2

Glycogen

Answer 2

Storage of glucose in liver

Question 3

Glucagon

Answer 3

Hormone which increases blood glucose level

Question 4

Glycogenesis

Answer 4

Turning glucose into glycogen

Question 5

Glycogenolysis

Answer 5

Turning glycogen into glucose in the liver

Question 6

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

Production of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source (usually protein)

Question 7

Sugar production in the body

Answer 7

All foods are eventually converted into glucose-like molecules, Carbohydrates —> sugars, Proteins —> amino acids —> sugars, Fats —> Fatty acids and glycerol —> sugars

Question 8

Glucose involvement in cellular respiration

Answer 8

Glucose is an essential substrate for cellular respiration, Variation in the rate of cellular respiration causes variation in which glucose is used, Glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2) —> energy (ATP) + carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)

Question 9

Excess glucose in the body

Answer 9

Converted by the liver into glycogen and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

Question 10

Excess glycogen

Answer 10

Converted by the liver into fat which is stored in the adipose tissue

Question 11

Reversible process

Answer 11

Fats can be turned into glycogen if needed, Glycogen can be turned into glucose if needed

Question 12

Hormone involved in reducing blood glucose levels

Answer 12

Insulin (produced and secreted by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans)

Question 13

Hormones involved in raising blood glucose levels

Answer 13

Glucagon (produced and secreted by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans), adrenaline and cortisol (when stress is involved)

Question 14

Lowering blood glucose levels feedback loop

Answer 14

Stimulus- high blood glucose, Receptor- Chemoreceptors in the pancreas’ beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, Modulator- Pancreas (beta cells in the islets of Langerhans), Pancreas secretes insulin into the blood stream, Effector- body cells, liver, skeletal muscle, Response- increased cellular respiration which increases glucose intake in body cells (mainly skeletal muscles), increased glycogenesis, promotes lipogenesis (conversion of glycogen into fat), promotion of protein synthesis, Feedback- Decreased blood glucose

Question 15

Rasing blood glucose levels feedback loop

Answer 15

Stimulus- low blood glucose level, Receptor- chemoreceptor in the pancreas’ Alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, Sympathetic nerve system stimulates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is released by anterior pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, Modulator- pancreas (alpha cells in the islet of Langerhans), adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, Pancreas secretes glucagon into the blood stream, Adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol are produced if needed, Effector- liver (mainly), adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, Response- promotion of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (make glucose from scratch), adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis, cortisol stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis as well as stimulates the use of stored fats for energy, Feedback- increased blood glucose level

Question 16

Deamination

Answer 16

Breaking down amino acids into glucose, Stage in gluconeogenesis, Protein is required for growth and repair but excess protein cannot be stored in the body and is instead naturally broken down into amino acids, Amino acids are metabolised into a glucose-like molecule which is treated as excess glucose, Amino acid releases sugar and ammonia- sugar is used for cellular respiration or stored, ammonia leaves the body through urine by being converted into urea by the kidneys

Question 17

Setpoint

Answer 17

Where glucose levels meet the needs of cellular respiration, dynamic equilibrium