Immunisation and vaccines Flashcards
Immunity
The state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease or other biological unwanted infections
Passive
Antibody, instant, temporary
Active
Antigen, takes time, longer lasting
Antigen
anything that can be bound by an antibody, B cell or T cell - immune cell must learn to ignore self antigens and recognise non-self
Antibodies
proteins made by B cells . They neutralise toxins, block microbial adhesion and cell entry, neutralise viruses and promote opsonisation and phagocytosis
Innate (natural immunity)
- Physical barriers
- Physiological factors
- protein secretions
- Phagocytic cells
- +ve instant response, -ve no memory
Adaptive (specific immunity)
- B and T cells
- 2nd level of defence
- Specific
- Better response
- +ve memory, -ve slower response
What happens when we are vaccinated?
- Vaccine/antigen administered
- Recognised by naive B cells
- Taken up by DC → T cells
- B cell response amplifies T cell help
- High affinity Ab produced
- Plasma cells, memory T/B cells produced
Which ABs are responsible for memory
IgG
Different types of dead vaccine
- Inactivated
- OMV
- Conjugate
- Subunit
- Toxoid
Examples of live vaccines
- MMR
- BCG
Mucosal live vaccine egs
- Rotavirus (oral)
- Influenza (nasal)
- Polio (oral)
Attenuated vaccine egs
- Diphtheria (toxoid)
- Tetanus (toxoid)
- DTP (subunit)
- Hep B (recombinant)
- Hib, MenC, MenACWY and flu (subunit)
- Polio (trivalent)
Adjuvants
Enhance immune response
Preservatives
Prevent contamination
