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Host and defence > Hair, skin and nails > Flashcards

Hair, skin and nails Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system and functions

A
  • Skin, hair, sweat glands, sensory receptors
  • Functions: homeostasis, stores blood, protection from external environment, cutaneous sensation, excretion and absorption of substances, vit D synthesis
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2
Q

4 overarching layers of skin

A

Epidermis (outer layer)
Demris
Subcunaeous layer (blood vessels etc)
Hypodermis

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Protection

Keratinised, stratified squamous

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4
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

Skin cells multiply and move away from blood supply

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5
Q

Thick skin

A

Palms of hand, soles of feet, contains stratum lucid

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6
Q

Thin skin

A

Rest of body - palms and soles

No stratum lucid

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7
Q

Function of keratinocytes

A

Make keratin and lamellar granules (water repellant sealant)

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8
Q

Where are melanocytes found

A

Stratum spinous

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9
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Produce melanin to give skin colour

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10
Q

What are Langerhans cells

A

Macrophages in the skin, easily damaged by UV

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11
Q

Function of Merkel cells

A

In contact with Merkel discs - detects fine touch

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12
Q

How do we detect discriminatory touch

A

Merkel cells (epidermis) and Meissner’s corpuscles (dermis)

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13
Q

Which cells detect deep sensation and pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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14
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Corneum: continuously sheds dead keratinocytes
Lucidum: keratin
Granulosum
Spinosum: keratonicytes, Langerhans cells
Basale: metabolically active to make new keratinocytes, forms basement membrane

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15
Q

Keratinisation

A

Newly formed epidermal cells from stratum basal to move outwards

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16
Q

What molecules give dermis its tensile strength

A

Elastin and collagen

17
Q

2 regions of dermis

A

Papillary: dermal papillae project into epidermis, contains blood vessels and nerves
Reticular region: thicker, attached to subcutaneous layer, fibroblasts and connective tissue

18
Q

Function of melanin

A

Protects epidermal cells from UV and DNA changes

19
Q

What are commensal bacteria

A

Good bacteria to protect from bad

20
Q

What is sebum

A

Oily surface film with bactericidal chemicals

21
Q

Striae

A

Stretch marks
Damage to dermis
Disrupted lateral bonds between collagen fibres

22
Q

Keloid scars

A

Overhealing leads to lumpy scar

23
Q

Skin tension lines

A

Langer’s lines - where collagen fibres run in one direction

Important in plastic surgery

24
Q

Which three chemicals determine skin colour?

A

Melanin, haemoglobin and carotene (yellow-orange

25
Q

What are the two types of melanin and their colours?

A

Phenpmelanin (yellow-red) and eumelanin (brown-black)

Freckles are accumulations of melanin

26
Q

What is carotene a precursor of?

A

VitA

27
Q

Albinism

A

Inability to make melanin - red eyes, prone to skin cancer

28
Q

Vitiligo

A

Lose patches of melanocytes and melanin

29
Q

Function of arrector pili muscles

A

Stand hair on end

30
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands and their characteristics?

A

Apocrine sweat lands (causes BO, axillary and genitals)

Eccrine sweat glands (everywhere else on body, salty water)

31
Q

Different hair colours and their melanin proportions

A
  • Dark hair = lots of eumelanin
  • Blonde and red hair = lots of pheomelanin
  • Grey hair = less melanin production
  • White hair = no melanin
32
Q

What is Laguno hair?

A

Fine hair in babies

33
Q

Stages of scalp hair growth

A

Scalp hair has 3 stages: growth (2-3y), regression (2-3w) and resting (2-3m) and then it is shed

34
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive body hair

35
Q

Different sections of a hair

A 
Shaft
Follicle
Root 
Bulb
Sebaceous
36
Q

What is the germinal matrix?

A

Where nail grows from

37
Q

What is a nail made from

A

Dead, keratinised epidermal cells

38
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

The cuticle - stratum corneum

39
Q

What is the lunula?

A

Thick white part of the nail

Host and defence (24 decks)

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