Immune System Quizzes Flashcards
What lymphocyte is implicated in antibody mediated immunity?
B-cell
Explain the role of interleukin-2.
Cytokine causing clonal selection
Creating
* active response (T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, plasma cells) and
* memory (memory T-cells and memory B-cells)
Name TWO antigen presenting cells.
Macrophages
B-cells
Briefly describe the structure of an antibody.
Y-shaped (2 binding sites)
4 polypeptide chains
Constant and variable zones
Name the most abundant antibody found in the blood.
IgG
Name the antibody that is implicated in allergies.
IgE
Give an example of naturally-acquired passive immunity.
Breast milk (IgA)
Placenta (IgG)
Where does self-recognition and self-tolerance of T-cells occur?
Thymus
In what autoimmune condition might a patient suffer from exophthalmos?
Graves Disease
List FIVE components of the first line of immune defence.
Skin
Mucous membranes
Sweat
Sebaceous glands
Mucocilary escalator
Nasals hairs
Saliva
Tears
Vomiting/diarrhoea
Where are complement proteins produced? Explain the role
of complement
Produced in the liver
Creating an immune cascade leading to
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Cytolysis
Name the TWO main phagocytes.
Neutrophils
Monocytes (Macrophages)
Describe how natural killer (NK) cells work.
Release perforin into pathogenic cells causing them to rupture
State TWO benefits of inflammation.
Attract phagocytes
Speeds up immune response (via vasodilation/increased permeability)
Dilute toxins
State TWO possible outcomes of acute inflammation.
Chronic inflammation
Resolution
Granuloma/scarring
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Pain
- Swelling
- Heat
- Loss of function
What is the function of transferrins?
Iron-binding proteins
Preventing bacterial growth by reducing the availability of iron in the blood
What is the function of interleukin-1? Is it a cell or protein?
IL-1 stimulates fever by messaging the hypothalmus
It is a protein (cytokine)
Explain the role of interferons.
Anti-viral proteins
Stop surrounding cells from replicating therefore blocking DNA replication of viruses
List FOUR symptoms of SLE
Butterfly rash
Photosensitivity
Joint pain (sym/asym)
Renaud’s syndrome
Chest pain
Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic
Explain what is meant by an epidemic
Large breakout of infection in the population
Describe the structure of a virus
DNA or RNA strand inside a protein coat known as the CAPSID
Describe how are viruses designed to avoid the host immune system?
By entering the host’s own cells
No metabolism of their own
No structures of their own
They can become latent and ‘hide’
They can mutate
Define mycosis.
Fungal infection
Define the term sterilisation.
Heating in air for 30mins or steam for 20mins at 180°
Kills all microbes and spores
What is meant by the prodromal period?
Period of non-specific symptoms
What is meant by vector transmission?
The transmission of an infectious disease by an intermediate carrier eg. mosquito
What is meant by the incubation period?
Period of time between intial exposure of the microbe to the first symptoms
Explain what is meant by a nosocomial infection.
An infection acquired in a medical setting.
Describe the appearance of an impetigo infection.
Golden, crusty lesions on the face.
Explain why individuals might develop oral candidiasis
Compromised immune system
Antibiotic use
Diatbetes/HIV
Stress
Diet rich in refined sugar
Name the infective organism that causes cold sores.
Herpes simplex (I)
Describe what you might observe in the mouth of a patient with diphtheria.
A grey membrane across the pharynx
Name the infective organism that causes tuberculosis. What system of the body is often affected by TB and why?
Bacteria
The respiratory because this bacteria loves oxygen
*Mycobaterium tuberculosis
List THREE symptoms of hepatitis.
Diarrohea, nausea/vomiting
Jaundice
Itchiness in skin*
*from bile salts
Name the infective organism that causes malaria.
Protozoan
Plasmodium
Explain how HIV is typically transmitted.
Sexual intercourse (principally anal sex)
Intravenous drug use
Name ONE sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterium.
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
Describe the appearance of genital herpes.
Fluid filled vesicles
Shallow ulcers
