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BioMed S2 > 18. Sense Organs - Pathologies > Flashcards

18. Sense Organs - Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear): definition

A

Inflammation of the outer ear

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2
Q

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear): epidemiology

A

5x more common in swimmers
Also prevalent in humid cultures, diabetes mellitus, HIV and people with narrow auditory canal

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3
Q

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear): pathophysiology

A

Ear wax (cerumen) contains lysozymes and oil that create an acidic, lubricating coat
This coat inhibits bacterial and fungal growth so insufficient wax can predispose to infection

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4
Q

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear): aetiology

A

90% associated with bacterial infection
Remaining fungal or allergic
Excess wax (obstruction)
Water in the ear
Frequent use of earplugs/headphones/hearing aids
Acne, eczema, fungal infections following antibiotic use

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5
Q

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear): signs and symptoms

A

Pain (especially with movement of pinna)
Discharge - often purulent
Swelling
Itching
Red, swollen auditory canal
Hearing deficit

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6
Q

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear): allopathic treatment

A

Hygiene
Avoid water in ears
Syringe ears with saline solution (by GP)
Topical antibiotics

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7
Q

Otitis Media: definition

A

Inflammation of the middle ear

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8
Q

Otitis Media: epidemiology

A

Most common cause of earache in children due to horizontal eustachian tube
75% <10 yrs old
Many have food or inhaled allergies

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9
Q

Otitis Media: pathophysiology

A

Fluid puts pressure on tympanic membrane

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10
Q

Otitis Media: aetiology

A

Infectious organisms - bacterial/viral
Allergies

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11
Q

Otitis Media: signs and symptoms

A

Earache/pain
Malaise, fever, nausea
Mild earing loss
Can get bulging of tympanic membrane

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12
Q

Otitis Media: complications

A

Scar tissue on eardrum (with rupture of tympanic membrane)

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13
Q

Otitis Media: allopathic treatment

A

Rupture of tympanic membrane
Antibiotics

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14
Q

Secretory Otitis Media: definition

A

Effusion of the middle ear resulting from incomplete resolution of acute otitis media

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15
Q

What is secretory otitis media also known as?

A

Glue ear

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16
Q

Secretory Otitis Media: pathophysiology

A

Gluey fluid dampens the tympanic membrane and ossicle vibrations which leads to hearing impairment

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17
Q

Secretory Otitis Media: signs and symptoms

A

Hearing loss
Pressure in ear
Mild intermittent ear pain

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18
Q

Secretory Otitis Media: allopathic treatment

A

Tympanostomy tube (grommet) inserted into eardrum to drain fluid
Tonsils may be removed

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19
Q

Labyrinthitis (Otitis Interna): definition

A

Balance disorder associated with inflammation of the membranous labyrinth

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20
Q

Labyrinthitis (Otitis Interna): aetiology

A

Often follows upper respiratory infection
Following head injury, allergy or reaction to medication

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21
Q

Labyrinthitis (Otitis Interna): signs and symptoms

A

Sudden, severe vertigo
Sudden, unilateral hearing loss
Tinnitus
Nausea, vomiting

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22
Q

Labyrinthitis (Otitis Interna): allopathic treatment

A

Anti-emetic drugs (anti-sickness)

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23
Q

Meniere’s Disease: definition

A

Disorder of inner ear, caused by change in fluid volume in labyrinth

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24
Q

Meniere’s Disease: pathophysiology

A

Progressive distention of the membranous labyrint

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25
Q

Meniere’s Disease: aetiology

A

Genetics
Viral
Autoimmune links - RA, SLE
Food allergy links

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26
Q

Meniere’s Disease: signs and symptoms

A 
Vertigo
Tinnitus
Hearing loss
Nausea, vomiting
Ear pressure
Characterised by fluctuating patterns of symptoms
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27
Q

Meniere’s Disease: allopathic treatment

A

No cure - only symptom minimisation

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28
Q

Tinnitus: definition

A

Perception of sound originating from within the head rather than outside

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29
Q

Tinnitus: aetiology

A

Objective - pulsatile (carotid stenosis, valve disease), muscular (spasm of tympanic muscles)

Subjective - ear origin (Meniere’s, ear infection, wax), neurological (head injury, MS, tumour), infections (meningitis), drug related (NSAIDs, loop diuretics), TMJ (jaw) dysfunction

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30
Q

Hearing Impairment: definition (conductive)

A

Ear canal obstructions, ossicle abnormalities, ruptured tympanic membrane

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31
Q

Hearing Impairment: definition (sensory)

A

Poor hair cell function due to congenital condition, infection or noise trauma

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32
Q

Mild hearing loss: definition

A

25-40dB

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33
Q

Moderate hearing loss: definition

A

41-70 dB

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34
Q

Severe hearing loss: definition

A

71-90 dB

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35
Q

Profound hearing loss: definition

A

90 dB+

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36
Q

Hearing Impairment: aetiology

A

Diseases - measles, meningitis, mumps, rubella, chlamydia, syphilis
Premature birth
Head injuries
Shaken baby syndrome

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37
Q

Hearing Impairment: allopathic treatment

A

Hearing aid

Cochlear implant

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38
Q

Blepharitis: definition

A

Inflammation of eyelid margin
Can be acute or chronic

39
Q

Blepharitis: epidemiology

A

Most common in adults

40
Q

Blepharitis: pathophysiology

A

Often associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection
Dermatitis

41
Q

Blepharitis: signs and symptoms

A

Often bilateral
Red eyelid margins
Sore, gritty eyes, scales, flakes
Eyelids may stick together, worse in morning
Itching and burning
Loss of eyelashes
Can block sebaceous glands and cause recurrent styes

42
Q

Blepharitis: allopathic treatment

A

Eyelid hygiene - clean with cotton bud
Warm compress
Topical antibiotics
Avoid contact lens use

43
Q

Stye: definition

A

Inflammation of sebaceous glands of eyelid

44
Q

Where is usually affected by a stye?

A

Usually affects upper lid

45
Q

Stye: aetiology

A

Usually a bacterial infection - Staphylococcus
Risks - diabetes mellitus, chronic blepharitis
Related to immune compromise/stress

46
Q

Stye: signs and symptoms

A

Red, swollen and/or painful infection of sebaceous glands of eyelid

47
Q

Stye: complications

A

Cyst formation can damage the cornea

48
Q

Stye: allopathic treatment

A

Usually none necessary
Hot compress 3/4 times a day once burst
Antibiotic ointment if stye doesn’t resolve

49
Q

Conjunctivitis: definition

A

Highly contagious inflammation of the conjunctiva

50
Q

Conjunctivitis: aetiology

A

Viral
Bacterial
Often linked with allergies

51
Q

Conjunctivitis: signs and symptoms

A

Red eye, irritated and uncomfortable
Watery (viral/allergic)
Purulent discharge (bacterial)
Photophobia suggests corneal (deeper) involvement

52
Q

Conjunctivitis: allopathic treatment

A

Eye bath with salt water or eye-cleansing solution
Antibiotic eye drops

53
Q

Uveitis: definition

A

Inflammation of any part of the uvea

54
Q

Uveitis: aetiology

A

Autoimmune links - HLA-B27 eg AS
Trauma to eye (inc contact lenses)
Viral infection, fungal or parasitic

55
Q

Uveitis: signs and symptoms

A

Progressive unilateral red eye with pain
Blurred vision
Photophobia
Visual acuity reduced in affected eye
Watery discharge

56
Q

Uveitis: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics
Cortisone depending on cause

57
Q

Cataracts: definition

A

Opacity of the lens

58
Q

Cataracts: pathophysiology

A

Healthy lens = transparent
Cataracts = new fibres produced and become disorganised with cytoplasm

59
Q

Cataracts: allopathic treatment

A

Surgery
Day surgery - replacing lens with plastic

60
Q

Cataracts: aetiology

A

Age-related deterioration of lens
Congenital
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
Steroids*

Causes breakdown of proteins, which can include collagen

61
Q

Cataracts: signs and symptoms

A

Gradual painless loss of vision
Diplopia

62
Q

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): definition

A

Ageing changes that occur in the central areas of the retina (macula)

63
Q

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): epidemiology

A

55 yrs+
Leading cause of vision loss worldwide

64
Q

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): aetiology

A

Advancing age
Smoking
CVD risk factors
Family history

65
Q

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): signs and symptoms

A

Reduced visual acuity
Difficulty with near vision
Gradual and progressive loss of central vision

66
Q

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): diagnosis

A

Ophthalmoscopy
Amsler grid

67
Q

Muscae Volitantes (Floaters): definition

A

Opacities floating in field of vision
Shadowy shapes that move with eye movements

68
Q

Muscae Volitantes (Floaters): aetiology

A

Shrinkage of vitreous humour causing collagen to become fibrils
Vitreous haemorrhage with haemorrhaging in diabetic retinopathy

69
Q

Retinal Detachment: definition

A

Separation of the neurosensory layer of the retina from the pigmented epithelium

70
Q

Retinal Detachment: pathophysiology

A

Accumulation of sub-retinal fluid in the potential space

71
Q

Retinal Detachment: signs and symptoms

A

Floaters in vision
Flashing lights
Curtains descending over vision

72
Q

Retinal Detachment: allopathic treatment

A

Ocular emergency - surgery

73
Q

Retinal Detachment: complications

A

Visual impairment
Blindness

74
Q

Retinal Detachment: epidemiology

A

Middle-aged
Elderly

75
Q

Glaucoma: definition

A

Increased intraocular pressure caused by inadequate drainage

76
Q

Glaucoma: intraocular pressure levels

A

IOP should be 10-21 mmHg
>40 = significant damage caused

77
Q

Glaucoma: pathophysiology

A

Causes compression of the retina and optic nerve

78
Q

Glaucoma: aetiology

A

Congenital
Acquired - uveitis, intraocular haemorrhage
Obstruction of the canal of Schlemm
Smoking

79
Q

Glaucoma: signs and symptoms (acute)

A

Mild - pain in eyes
Haloes around lights, relieved by sleep
Severe - rapid deterioration of vision
Intense eye pain
Redness, watering of eye
Sensitivity to bright light
Nausea, vomiting

80
Q

Glaucoma: signs and symptoms (chronic)

A

Often no symptoms until permanent damage has occurred
Late symptoms - loss of peripheral vision
Blurring of objects directly in front of person
Loss of night vision

81
Q

Glaucoma: complications

A

Damage to optic nerve and retina leads to permanent blindness

82
Q

Glaucoma: allopathic treatment

A

Eye drops/tablets to reduce fluid retention
Laser or surgical treatment

83
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy: definition

A

Progressive, potentially sight-threatening disease of the retinal microvasculature

84
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy: pathophysiology

A

Microvascular damage occurs which occludes branches of the retinal artery causing neovascularisation
The vessel walls become physically weak and leaky, leading to micro-aneurysms, oedema and haemorrhaging

85
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy: aetiology

A

Chronic hyperglycaemia

86
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy: prognosis

A

May retain normal sight or present as a decline in vision or floaters

87
Q

Corneal Ulcer:definition

A

An ulcer (open sore) that develops in the cornea

88
Q

Corneal Ulcer: aetiology

A

Bacterial (e.g. gonorrhoea), viral
(e.g. herpes simplex), fungal infection.
Trauma (e.g. contact lens), spread
from blepharitis.

89
Q

Corneal Ulcer: signs and symptoms

A

Pain
Reduced vision
Photophobia
Discharge

90
Q

Corneal Ulcer: treatment

A

Medical emergency — possible loss of sight
Antibiotics, antifungal or antiviral drugs, keratoplasty
(corneal transplant).

91
Q

Strabismus: definition

A

Mis-alignment of the eyes, which means the retinal
image is not in corresponding areas of both eyes

92
Q

Strabismus: classifications

A

Esotropia = inward squint
Exotropia = outward squint.

93
Q

Strabismus: aetiology

A

Genetic (family history of squint).
Damage to nerves supplying extra-ocular muscles (e.g. stroke, brain tumour).

94
Q

Strabismus: treatment

A

Glasses to correct visual problems and patching the normal eye (forces the brain to use the affected eye).
Surgery to tighten muscles around the eye.

BioMed S2 (34 decks)

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