Immune system Flashcards
bacteria with pepitodoglycan without outer membrane
Gram +
EXOtoxin is secreted by ___________ bacteria
live
makes EXOtoxin
gram + bacteria
Two examples of EXOotoxin
Boulinum toxin
Tetanus toxin
two gram + bacilli bacteria that form spores
clostridium- anaerobic
Bacillus- Aerobic Anthrax
most common human infection
staph aures : nosocomial disease
2nd most common human infection
MRSA+
What are the gram + cocci
staophylococcus
streptococcus
What are gram + bacilli
Clostridium
Bacillus
Listeria
ENDOtoxin is released by __________ bacteria
dead
what uses ENDOtoxin
Gram-
an example of an ENDOtoxin
LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
why is a gram - bacteria pale on a gram stain?
the pepitodglycan has an outer layer that the stain cannot penetrate
gram - cocci in pairs
Neisseria Ghonnerhea
if we wipe out gram negative we will wipe out 2 of the most plentiful gut bacteria - c diff may come in and take over, wheat are they
E coli
Bacteroides
Aerobic, Gram -, grows everywhere
E. Coli
most common bacteria in body
bacteroides
super powers that can be shared LATERALLY
plasmids
antibiotic resistance happens quickly
plasmids- because they share laterally
plasmids can go to bacteria of _____________
Other species
used by drug companies to make peptide drugs like insulin
plasmids
part that sticks off plasmid and grabs the other bacteria
Pilus
small piece of DNA that gives bacteria superpowers
Plasmids
what does a iron look for?
a surface protein that is SPECIES and Cell Specific
after a viron finds its surface protein what does it do?
it binds to the cell to gain entry
once a viron is inside the cell what does it do?
Sheds its capsid which:
- exposes its genetic material
2 genetic material is inserted into host DNA - or in some cases RNA in cytoplasm
two components of a viron
genetic material
capsid (shell)
what is present on some viruses to make them much hardier?
Envelope
A virus will use our machinery to make the _________ and make copies of______________. This process is called ______________and it happens in the ___________.
viral proteins
viral DNA/RNA
Assembly and maturation
nucleus
what happens after assembly and maturation?
Virus takes the host cells plasma membrane and is released (many more)
what is a positive aspect of a virus
~5% of out DNA is viruses we have acquired.
they can be used for gene therapy
filamentus, grow as multinucleate branching hyphae forming mycelium
Molds
ringworm
mold
grow as ovoid or spherical, are a single cell and multiply by budding division
yeasts
Most common nosocomial fungal infection
is highly aerobic
immunocompromised patients
Respiratory infection
Aspergillus Supp
tinea capitis
itchy head skin fungus
tinea pedis
athletes foot, skin fungus
Tinea Curis
jock itch fungus
yeast in normal gut flora that usually doesn’t cause problems
Candida Albicans
histoplasma
yeast
causes opportunistic infections like thrush and yeast infections
Candida Albicans
bacteria on skin and lungs is usually
aerobic bacteria
need oxygen for oxidative phosphorilation
aerobic bacteria
if the don’t have o2 they die
aerobic bacteria
need some o2 but too much will kill them
microaerobic bacteria
microaerobic bacteria is usually found
in the GI tract
can use 02 if they have it, but can survive without it
Facultative Anaerobes
Cannot tolerate 02, it kills them
Obligate anaerobic bacteria
