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IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

0
Q

____ cells are a type of lymphocyte that develop in the bone marrow

A

B

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1
Q

Lymphocytes recognise pathogens and are involved in the __________ immune response

A

Adaptive

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2
Q

T cells develop in the ______

A

Thymus

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3
Q

B-cell, plasma cell, memory cell are examples of what kind of lymphocyte cell

A

B cells

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4
Q

T cells include: helper T cells, c________ T cells and _________ suppressor

A

Cytotoxic

Suppressor

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5
Q

The two types of responses of the immune system are what

A
  1. Non-specific (innate)

And 2. Specific (adaptive)

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6
Q

The nonspecific (_________) immune system is generalised defense mechanisms - including barrier defenses, immflamatin, interferon, complement system and natural killer cells

A

Innate

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7
Q

The specific (_______) immune system has directed responses against specific targets

A

Adaptive

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8
Q

The specific (adaptive) immune response has two ways of working:

A 
Cell mediated immunity (t-cell)
Antibody or (humoral) mediated immunity (b-cell)
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9
Q

_____ lines of defence include
Skin
Mucosal membrane
Stomach and the gut

A

First

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10
Q

Innate or nonspecific defence = _______ line of defence

A

Second

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11
Q

__________ involves both innate and adaptive defence mechanisms

A

Inflammation.

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12
Q

The purpose of ________ is to stop spread, destroy any foreign material and repair any damage

A

inflammation

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13
Q

Inflammation step 3:
Macrophages and n__________ moving along blood vessel walls enter infected area via d_______ (squeezing through endothelial walls)

A

Neutrophils

diapedesis

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14
Q

C__________ change morphology, adhesive properties and permeability of endothelial cells

A

Cytokines

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15
Q

I_______ defence = natural killer (NK) cells

A

Innate

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16
Q

N_________ ______ cells look like large lymphocytes but non-T and non-B cells. They have no classical antigens receptors and no memory response

A

Natural killer

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17
Q

Natural killer kill by a___________ virus infected cells via pore formation (lysis) or Natural killer by pumping p________ into target cells

A

Apoptosing

Proteases

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18
Q

________ (IFN) - antiviral proteins and other properties

A

Interferons

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19
Q

There are two types of Interferons
Type 1: alpha and beta - prevent v____ application
Type 2: gamma - activates m_______ and other immune cells

A

Viral

macrophages

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20
Q

An innate defence of the body is the _______ system - a group of around 20 inactive proteins circulating in the blood (produced by the ___)

A

complement

Liver

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21
Q

Complement system has the classical pathway, ________ pathway and the alternative pathway

A

MB-lectin

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22
Q

The MB-lectin pathway and the alternative pathway are _______ defence

A

Innate

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23
Q

MB lectin pathway of the complement system is when ______ binds to the pathogens surface

A

Lectin

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24
Q

The complement system kills micro organisms either in a combination with antibodies (complements) - classic pathway, or directly via the ________ pathway or ________ binding

A

Alternate

mannose

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25
Q

The complement system kills via l_______ - forms protein pore in target membrane - ___________ ________ ________ - ‘Mac attack’

A

Lysis

Membrane attack complex

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26
Q

The third line of defence is the ________ or ________ immune system

A

Adaptive

Specific

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27
Q

The _____ line of defence Is a specific defensive system that recognises non-self and acts to protect it by immobilising, neutralising and or removal

A

third

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28
Q

Two classes of specific or adaptive immune responses (3rd line of defence)

  1. A_______ mediated or humoral immunity
  2. Cell mediated immunity
A

Antibody

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29
Q

A________ mediated (humoral) immunity involves the production of antibodies by differentiated B-__________ (plasma cells) or b-cells

A

Antibody

Lymphocytes

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30
Q

______ mediated immunity involves the production of t-lymphocytes or t-cells

A

Cell

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31
Q

B cells mature in what

A

Bone marrow

32
Q

T cells mature where

33
Q

What cells specialise in bacteria, toxins and some viruses - secrete antibodies

34
Q

What cells specialise in cancer and virus infected cells and kill directly

35
Q

An ______ is anything that triggers an immune response

36
Q

A h_____ is a molecule to small to be antigenic but may attach to body proteins and then become antigenic

37
Q

Antibody mediated (humoral) immunity involves antibodies and B cells differentiating into ______ cells

38
Q

Plasma cells are ______ generating factories

39
Q

On antibodies the ______ region contains antigen specificity

40
Q

On antibodies the ______ region determines what will happen to the antigen

41
Q

Do antibodies themselves destroy foreign organisms ?

42
Q

Antibodies produce physical _______ - neutralisation and agglutination

A

hinderance

43
Q

Antibodies direct the responses of the nonspecific system against the object with activation if _______ system , enhancement of ________ and _______ of killer T cells

A

Compliment
phagocytosis
Stimulation

44
Q

There are 5 classes of antibodies classified instruction provided by constant region
These are:

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

45
Q

Ig__ - mucosal surfaces - prevent colonisation also in tears, breast milk and saliva

46
Q

IgD = receptors of ___-cells - activate mast and b_______ anti microbial action

A

B cells

Basophils

47
Q

Ig___ = binds to allergens and triggers histamine release also acts on parasites

48
Q

IgG = major ________ produced by ______ cells in copious amounts especially in secondary responses

A

antibodies

plasma

49
Q

_____ = surface of B-cells secreted very early on - before IgG (earliest type)

50
Q

Each B-cell is particular for a specific _______ - millions of antigens - millions of different B-cells (diversity big due to few highly mutable genes of variable region being slicing/dicing/reconfigured)

51
Q

When stimulated by its antigen a B-cells duplicates and differentiates into either a ______________ cell (antibody producing factories) or sometimes a _________ cells (increasing number if b-cells for that antigen - basis for secondary response and vaccination)

A

Plasma

Memory

52
Q

B-cells need to be introduced to their a________ to make lots of antibody

53
Q

D_______ cells are the main antigen producing cells

54
Q

Dendritic cells reside in ______ tissues and once activated go to _________ nodes and present antigens to ______ cells

A

Fronteir tissues
Lymph
T-helper

55
Q

What cells present antigens to B cells (chemicals eg interleukin from B-cells to T-cells )

A

T helper cells present antigens to B cells

56
Q

B cells differentiated to ____ cells

57
Q

Once activated B cells will also present the ____

58
Q

Chemical signals (_______)

59
Q

______ can be pyrogenic, often made by t-helper cells, macrophages and endothelial cells - promote development and differentiation of b-cells and t-cells

A

Interleukins

60
Q

Colony stimulating factors help in ________ and differentiation of white blood cells notably macrophages

A

proliferation

61
Q

T_______ necrosis factors - induce apoptotic cell death, Immflamation and inhibit tumorigensis and viral replication.. Produced by ________ and other immune cells

A

Tumour

Macrophages

62
Q

______ T cells help to inform plasma cells and activation of cytotoxic T-cells

63
Q

What type of T-cells are killers and destroy virus infected tumor cells

64
Q

What type of T cells help to suppress T cell activity. Act to destroy a virus infected cell, fast multiply bacteria and old cells and cancer forming cells

A

Regulatory T cells

65
Q

______ t-cells are so populations of helper and cytotoxic populations that increase capacity to specific common antigens

66
Q

Other than memory T cells most T cells self destruct (______) after immune response

67
Q

_____ destroy by direct contact with cell target

68
Q

Major __________ complex I (MHC (I)) is found on normal cells of the body

A

Histocompatibility

69
Q

Each individual person has a unique MHC combination - made from 2x3 ________ genes on chromosome 6

A

polymorphic

70
Q

_________ is found only on cells of the immune system that specialise in taking up extra cellular antigens.

71
Q

MHC cells are loaded with foreign or new antigens will be targeted for destruction by _______ T cells

72
Q

For a cytotoxic t-cell to kill a cell displaying MHC class I molecules loaded with a foreign antigen it also needs a _______ (protein b7) - supplied by the antigen presenting cell

A

costimulis

73
Q

Why doesn’t the immune system destroy your bodies ?

A 
Colonial deletion 
Colonial anergy
Receptor editing
Regulatory T cell suppression 
Antigen sequestering 
Privilege tissue status
Anti inflammatory
74
Q

An ________ is an environmental antigen

75
Q

I_______ hypersensitivity - B cells and antibodies - IgE

76
Q

Allergies are _____ hypersensitivity

77
Q

The ______ system and the _______ systems interact with the immune system

A

Nervous

Hormonal

SHS112 (16 decks)

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