DIGESTIVE Flashcards
The mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small/large intestines are all examples of ___________ organs
Alimentary
The digestive system falls into two categories
- The ________ _______ (GI tract)
- The __________ organs (helpers)
Alimentary canal
accessory digestive
Teeth, tounge, gallbladder and glands: salivary gland, liver and pancreas are all examples of ___________ digestive organs
Accessory
The digestive tract lies in principal body cavities: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic (minor cavaties).
The abdominal cavity contains _________ organs and is bounded superiorly by the diaphragm
Digestive
________ is serous membranes made if connective tissue and epithelial cells
Peritoneum
__________ __________ is a membrane layer associated with walls of abdominal cavity
Parietal perineum
__________ _________ is a membrane layer covering viscera (organs)
Visceral peritoneum
Serous membranes secrete _______ _______
serous fluid
Ingestion > p_________ > mechanical breakdown > digestion > absorption > d_________
propulsion
defecation
p________ moves food through the GI tract
Swallowing (_________)
Peristalsis (____________) major force driving propulsion
Propulsion
Voluntary
Involuntary
Where does segmentation occur
Small intestine
Enzymes secreted into ________ catabolise good into their chemical building blocks
lumen
Digestion is ________
Chemical
_______ _______ _______ is chewing and segmentation
Mechanical break down
S________ beings the chemical break down of food (catabolism) and it contains digestive enzymes
Saliva
Bolus is
Mass if chewed food ready for swallowing
_____ deciduous teeth (primary teeth) and ______ permanent teeth
20
32
Adults have ___ incisors, ___ canine, 2 pre molars and _____ molars (8x4=32)
2,1,3
The oesophagus pierced the diaphragm at the _______ ________
oesophageal hiatus
The oesophagus joins the stomach at the _______ (top part of the stomach)
Cardia
_______ sphincter: sphincter between the oesophagus and stomach
Gastroesophageal
D___________ (swallowing)
Delutition
Deglutition (swallowing) has two phases
- Buccal phase
- _________ phase
Pharyngeal-Oesophageal
The stage where the food goes from the oesophagus to the stomach is called what?
Peristalsis
P_________ is alternating contractions of circular muscles that force bolus towards the stomach
Peristalsis
The ___________ sphincter opens immediately prior to bolus arriving at the stomach
gastroesophageal
In the stomach the bolus turns to what
Chyme
The oesophagus connects to the stomach at the c________
Cardia
The ______ bulges superolaterally to cardia
Fundus
The p________ sphincter is a valve controlling stomach emptying into duodenum
Pyloric
The role of the muscularis externa is to ______
Churning
The layers of the muscularis externa from superficial to deep are
__________, circular and deep layers
Longitudinal
The _________ omentum attaches the liver curvature of stomach and becomes continuous with the v_______ peritoneum of the stomach (membrane covering the stomach)
Lesser
visceral
The __________ omentum hangs from the greater curvature if the stomach and covers the intestinal coils. It ascends to insert in transverse ___________ (part if the large intestine)
Greater
Transverse colon
The stomach is dotted with millions of ________ pits. These pits lead to gastric glands that produce gastric juice
Gastric
Mucous neck cells secrete what
acidic mucus
_________ cells secrete HCl in the stomach
Parietal
The major digestive organ is the ______
Small intestine
The small intestine converts chyme into a form ready for absorption across small _______ wall
intestinal
The small intestine starts at a convoluted tube from the _________ (pyloric sphincter) to the _______ (ileocecal valve)
stomach
Cecum
Duodenum»_space; j____________»_space;> I________
Jejunum
Ileum
The _________ curves around the head of the pancreas
duodenum
The duodenum receives bile duct from liver + pancreatic duct from pancreas which becomes the major __________ _________
Duodenal papilla
The duodenum meets the jejunum at the ___________ flexture
Duodenojejunal
The jejunum runs from the _________ flexture to the _________
duodenojejunal
Ileum
The ileum connects to the large intestine at the ________ valve
ileocecal
_________ have the major job in absorption
Enterocytes
Peyers patches are clusters if ________ follicles
lymphoid
The mesentery is a double layer of what ?
Peritoneum
The liver has four lobes \_\_\_\_\_ lobe (largest), left love, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobe and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobe
Right
Caudate (posterior lobe)
Quadrate (inferior to left lobe)
The ______ ligament attaches to diaphragm and anterior abdominal. Wall
flaciform
The _______ ligament separates the right and left lobes Anteriorly
falciform
The ______ ligament extends inferiorly from the falciform ligament
Round
The lesser ________ anchors the liver to lesser curvature of the stomach
omentum
The function of the ______ is to. Filter and process nutrient rich blood deliveries
liver
The portal ______ is located at 6 corners of the lobule of the liver
triad
The branch from the _______ artery supplies oxygen rich arterial blood to the liver
heptic
The branch of ______ portal vein carriers nutrient rich venous blood from digestive organs
hepatic
________ process nutrients in the blood; for example store passing glucose as ________
Hepatocytes
glycogen
_________ is converting ammonia to urea
Detoxification
Blood exiting the ______ contain low oxygen, low nutrients and low waste
liver
B_______ is a by product of haeme
Bilirubin
The liver is covered in visceral ____________ except on the bare area
Peritoneum
The _______ ligament attaches to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall and it separates the right and and left lobes
falciform
The ______ omentum anchors the liver to lesser curvature of the stomach.
Lesser
The function of the ______ is to filter and process nutrient rich blood deliveries
liver
Liver ______ are the functional units of the liver
Lobules
The portal triad is located at the 6 corners of lobule and is comprised of a branch of the hepatic artery, branch of the hepatic portal vein and ______ duct
Bile
There are two blood supplies to the liver. Blood percolates through s_______
sinusoids
The ________ vein is from the abdominal viscera (stomach, intestines etc), nutrient rich (absorbed from food) to liver
portal
The portal _______ from hepatic artery is oxygenated blood from the heart
arteriole
What do Hepatocytes do in blood
Process nutrients in blood - eg: store passing glucose as glycogen
Bile salts are recycled. They are first reabsorbed by the i________, returned to the liver by the ___________ and then re secreted in newly formed bile
ileum
Hepatic portal vein
B______ is the by-product of haeme from haemoglobin due to destruction of old red blood cells
Bilirubin
Hepatocytes produce b________ canaliculi and send to bile duct
Bile
Bile from the bile duct in portal triad drains to the right or left _______ ducts which Becomes the common hepatic duct
hepatic
The bile duct ________ opens to allow bile into the ________ via major duodenal papilla
sphincter
Duodenum
The cystic duct from _______ merges with common hepatic duct to form the bile duct
gallbladder
The gallbladder stores what?
Excess bile from the liver
The pancreas is a ________ digestive organ; gland connects to GI tract via duct
accessory
The pancreas produce secretions that exit via ________ ducts
dedicated
Pancreatic juice consists of water, enzymes, and ___________ ____
bicarbonate ions
The ________ produces secretions that exit the pancreas via blood stream to exert effect throughout the body
pancreas
Islets of _______ contain alpha and beta cells
langerhans
What to beta cells secrete?
Insulin
What do alpha cells secrete ?
Glucagon
Beta cells secreting insulin cause glucose ________ by cells which leads to a ________ in blood glucose levels
uptake
Decrease
Alpha cells secrete glucagon which ______ glycogen … This leads to an _________ in blood glucose levels
Induces
increase
