ENDOCRINE Flashcards
The pituitary, adrenal, parathyroid and pineal glands are examples of _______ endocrine glands
True
What is the endocrine system?
System of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream and regulate bodily functions
Other organs that contain endocrine tissue include the p_________, gonads, placenta and h________
Pancrease
hypothalamus
Organs that ________ hormones are the adipose cells, thymus and cells in the wall of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys and heart
Secrete
The endocrine system influences activities in the body via ________ transported in the blood
hormones
Exocrine glands are _____-_________ substances
They include sweat, salvia and also pancreatic enzymes
Non-hormonal
Endocrine glands produce _________ and lack ducts - it secretes into the blood stream
Hormones
_________ travel in blood or lymph (endocrine system)
Hormones
Think: endo-homo
__________ are chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
Autocrines
P__________ are locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
Paracrines- they are NOT considered part of the endocrine system
There are two main classes of hormones:
- A_______- amino acid based hormones
- S_________
Amines
Steroids
_______ cells are tissues with receptors for a specific hormone
Target
Hormones act as receptors in one of two ways; depending on their chemical nature and receptor location.
_______________ hormones cannot enter the cell, act on plasma membrane receptors etc
Water soluble hormones
_____ soluble hormones can enter the cell (steroid and thyroid hormones ) and can directly active genes
Lipid
The _______ division (fight or flight) mobilizes the body during activity - during excercise or when threatened
sympathetic
- Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptors target cell
What happens next in the relay race?
- Receptors activates G protein
Once the receptors activates the G protein, the G protein activates what (step 3)
Adenylate Cyclase
Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to ______ (2nd messenger)
cAMP
Glucose leaves the liver via the ________ vein
Hepatic
In the body glucose is mainly stored in the _______ cell - a h___________
Liver
Hepatocyte
________ & ________ hormones diffuse target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
Steroid and thyroid
Target cell activation depends on
- Blood level hormones
- Relative number of _______ on or in target cell
- Affinity of binding between receptors and hormone
receptors
Endocrine gland stimulated to synthesise and release hormones in response to; h_______ stimuli, n_______ stimuli and h_______ stimuli
Humoral
Neural
Hormonal
H__________ stimuli is the changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate the secretion of hormones
Humoral
_______ stimuli = nerve fibres stimulate hormone release
Neural
_________ stimuli = other organs stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
Hormonal
A ________ hormone is a hormone that causes the release of another hormone
Tropic
The ___________ is the link between the nervous and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
The _____gland receives input from the hypothalamus
pituitary
Hormones are removed from the blood via- degrading _______, kidneys and the ________
Degrading enzymes
Liver
The pituitary gland has two major lobes
The _________ pituitary (neural tissue) and the ________ pituitary (glandular tissue)
Posterior
Anterior
The __________ carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
________ pituitary hormones are stored in axon terminals
Posterior
Action potential from the _________ trigger the release of hormones into the blood stream
Hypothalamus
The adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release c___________
corticosteroids
_______ regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
corticosteroids
_________] regulate electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention in the kidney
Mineralcorticoids
What gland inhibits rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus
The thyroid
The thyroid gland has two lateral lobes connected by median mass called _______
Isthmus
The thyroid hormone Is a major _______ hormone
Metabolic
The ______ organ has both endocrine and exocrine cells
Pancrease
_______ cells produce glucagon (hyperglycaemic hormone)
Alpha
Beta cells produce _______ (hypoglycaemic hormone)
Insulin
The major target of glucagon is the ______]
Liver
Glucagon released by alpha cells ________ blood glucose levels
increases
_________ is the the break down if glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
G_________ is the synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non-carbohydrates
Glycogenesis
Insulin ________ blood glucose levels
Lowers
Diabetics Mellitus (DM) is. Homeostatic imbalance of _______
insulin
Three signs of diabetes Mellitus
________ (huge urine output), _______ (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger and food consumption)
Polyuria
Polydipsia
